PATTERN AND PROCESS

OF WORLD TOURISM
CHAPTER 2
2.0 PATTERN AND PROCESS OF
WORLD TOURISM
2.1 Defining tourism
2.2 Factors influencing tourism
2.3 Historical development of travel and
tourism
2.4 Early international tourism
2.5 Current International pattern of Tourism
2.0 PATTERN AND PROCESS OF
WORLD TOURISM
2.6 The character of international tourism
2.7 The influence of tourism
2.0 PATTERN AND PROCESS OF
WORLD TOURISM .. continued
• Tourism was predicted as the world’s
largest industry by year 2000. (Herman
Kahn, 1976)
• By 1986 tourism is already the world’s
largest industry with total worldwide
spending for domestic and international
tourism > 2 trillion dollars, generating
directly and indirectly 64.3 million jobs
(Waters, 1987)
2.0 PATTERN AND PROCESS OF
WORLD TOURISM
• In the past people have always travel but
not for pleasure nor was it pleasurable.
• Purposes – financial, military or business
reason.
• Tourism evolved from a time when a travel
was uncomfortable or inconvenient for
those who were force to travel and the few
who could travel due to curiosity.
• Evolution effect the world.
2.0 PATTERN AND PROCESS OF
WORLD TOURISM .. continued
• Factors that contribute – societal
changes that result from urbanization,
the industrial revolution, technological
advances in transportation and
communication, the two world war
(contact of cultures) and migration of
large number of people to other
nation.
2.1 Defining tourism
The definition of tourism includes 3 common
elements:-
1) Movement of people between two or more
places (origin and destination)
- distance > 150 miles
2) Length of time of movement (temporary)
- at least 24 hours
3) Purpose – must exclude purposes of work.
2.2 Factors influencing tourism
i) Leisure time
- Less working hours about 40 hours
a week now than before.
- Retirement age has been reduced
and result to more leisure time.
ii) Affluence
- Good standard of living
- The transformation to an urban
society
2.2 Factors influencing tourism
… continued
iii) Mobility
- Inventions of cars and
improvement of the elaborate
road system for automobile
travel.
- Invention of train and rail,
ocean liners, aircraft etc.
2.3 Historical development of
travel and tourism
1. Ancient Time
- people don’t travel much because of
time consuming, expensive and
dangerous.
- development of transport, money and
ability to communicate develop ability to
travel.
2.3 Historical development of
travel and tourism …continued
- Transport was the key element to the
development of travel (waterways –
ancient cities of Mesopotamia growing
along the Tigris and Euphrates river and
the Niles)
- Money from the Greek city-states was
accepted as international currency.
- Mother tongue
2.3 Historical development of travel
and tourism …continued
• The Roman Era
- the height of early tourism.
- military purposes
- the empire extended from the Scottish
marshes in the north of Britain to the
Euphrates River in Mesopotamia to the
southeast.
- built transportation network e.g. roads
in purpose to move their army.
2.3 Historical development of travel
and tourism …continued
- Three factor emerged during the Roman
era i.e. Coinage, language and legal
system.
- In addition the Romans had developed the
concept of a leisure holiday that allowed
Romans free time to travel.
- Holy Day, Saturnalia (day for feasting and
frolicking), Saint day (established by
Edward V1 for civil servants to have a rest
day).
2.4 Early international tourism
- Grand tour – with ascension of Elizabeth
to English throne in the 16th century.
Wealthy sons of England and France
were sent to Germany to absorb culture
and language of the Renaissance
-1800s and early 1900s - seaside and
mountain resorts became fashionable for
the wealthy – Saratoga Spring in US, Bath
in England
Bath, England: The city was first
established as a spa resort with
the Latin name, Aquae Sulis ("the
waters of Sulis") by
the Romans in AD 43
2.4 Early international tourism …
continued
- Spas- such as Davos, St. Moritz, Baden-
Baden, coastal area in France and Britain
etc
- The industrial revolution brought economy
and social changes.
2.5 Current International Pattern of
Tourism
- Increased steadily since the end of WWII
- 1960, number of world tourist arrival has
double in the US.
- 1970, 183 million
- 2000, 700 million
- Rapid growth.
- Increasing growth of tourism to low income
 2.6 The character if international
tourism
1) Primary destination – major focus of trip:
-Friends and family : tourist from UK have longest
length of stay in Australia.
-Exotic: located in remote area, visited only once.
a)Culture: including modern culture and isolated
societies (Torajanese in South Sulawesi, Indon)
b)Historical : ruins and ancient arcaeological sites. i.e
Stonehenge, England & Machu Picchu, Peru.
c)Environment: Alps in Swiss, Rockies in North
America, Grand Canyon in Arizona, US
d)Fauna: gorilla watching in Rwanda, (in
Kenya, European stay 1 week at
Mombasa and 1 week on Safari),
Galapagos Island, Great Barrier Reef,
Northeast Australia
e)Sun sea sand: strong attraction for long-
haul travel, exotic in nature, visited only
once in a lifetime. i.e The Seychelles,
Tahiti, Fiji, Langkawi Island
- Business : very short length of stay but
higher per capita expenditure of money
-Isolated: destination in remote area, small
number of international visitor. i.e Antartic,
Siwa Oasis in Egypt.
-Religion: pilgrimage sites and religion
centers. i.e Mecca, Rome, Jerusalem,
Varanasi, India and Salt Lake City, Utah
-Mega events: occur infrequently. i.e
Olympic Games, FIFA World Cup. Short in
duration, require large infrastructure to
support the events.
 Religion : Muslim go to
Mecca to perform a Hajj

Mega events : List of

candidate cities that involve
in bidding the venue for
Olympic Games
2) Secondary destination: shorter length of stay
than the primary destinations, they are visited
as a result of their location with respect to the
primary destinations. 4 segments:
a)The shadow effect : destinations that near other
major attractions. Because there are close
with the preferred location, tourist will also visit
the shadow location. We visit Tanzania for 3.5
days but spend 1 week at Kenya.
b) Grand Tour: involves wealthy and nobility in 16th to
19th century in Europe. Still relevant today.
c) Path destinations: destinations located between
popular destinations and that are on transportation
paths that benefits from the traffic that is passing
through. i.e North America will stop at Tahiti or Fiji
for a brief visit en route to NZ or Australia.
d) Transit destinations: either change in type of carrier
or major change in route. Become assembly points
for tours as a gateway to a major destinations. i.e
Luxembourg, Athens (starting point for cruises in
Eastern Med. or visit to the Middle east), Finland-
door for Russia etc.
 2.6 The character if international
tourism .. continued
3) Destination countries: 56.4% comes from
Europe and N.A. people come to Europe for
2 reasons: a)large no. of tourist comes from
Europe so they choose the close place with
them, b)Historical ties between this
continent. i.e Mediterranean receives most
tourist because cost, climate cultural
attractions. US, Canada & Mexico benefits
from their huge population-inner tourism.
7) Seasonality: strongest seasonal fluctuation
are Europe-in summer high. Latin America,
Caribbean & South Asia-1st & 4th quarter.
8) Purpose of Visit: holidays is the major
purpose (70%), M. East and Africa-
business travel.
9) Tourism Generating countries: refer table
on the next slide.
10)Origin Generated Tourism: nearly 90% of
the visitors to European countries are from
EU countries and 77% of the visitors to
Americas are from the same region
 International International International International
UNWTO
Tourism Tourism Tourism Tourism
Rank Country Regional
Expenditures Expenditures Expenditures Expenditures
Market
(2009)[12] (2008)[12] (2007)[12] (2006)[12]

1  Germany Europe $80.8 billion $91.0 billion $83.1 billion $73.9 billion

2  United States North America $73.1 billion $79.7 billion $76.4 billion $72.1 billion

3  United Kingdom Europe $48.5 billion $68.5 billion $71.4 billion $63.1 billion

4  China Asia $43.7 billion $36.2 billion $29.8 billion $24.3 billion
5  France Europe $38.9 billion $43.1 billion $36.7 billion $31.2 billion
6  Italy Europe $27.8 billion $30.8 billion $27.3 billion $23.1 billion
7  Japan Asia $25.1 billion $27.9 billion $26.5 billion $26.9 billion

8  Canada North America $24.3 billion $26.9 billion $24.7 billion $20.6 billion

9  Russia Europe $20.8 billion $23.8 billion $21.2 billion $18.1 billion

10  Netherlands Europe $20.7 billion $21.7 billion $19.1 billion $17.0 billion
• Travel Pattern; a few factors that account
for travel patterns-
– Proximity(paling hampir)
– Type and degree of service offered
– General attractiveness of a country
– Cost of travelling
– Influence of intervening opportunities
– The national character of the source country
– The mental image of the target area held by
potential visitors.
2.7 The influence of tourism
a) Economic Impact-most positive, forex, tax
revenue. i.e Mexico, Spain, Bahamas and
Greece need a flow a money from tourist
to help a country’s balance of
payments. 3 types of payments and
receipts in international accounts:
i) Visible balance of trade
ii) Invisible trade
iii) Capital transfer
* Capitaltransfer – a part of balance of
payments in which money is transferred
from one country to another in the form of
foreign aid or some kind of cash grant
• Others influence:
– Create employments
– -ve : income and employment is not constant
because of seasonality of tourism industry.
b) Social and cultural impact-most negative
b) Alienation : in host area, leading to social
unrest between ‘haves’ and ‘have nots’
c) 4 factors: nature of the tourist who is
generally from industrialized country, social
conflict in countries with serious economics
problem (tourist welath), associated changes
(male and female prostitution), imported
foreign workers for the tourism industry.
c) Environmental - Pollution Impact,
Vegetation, Wildlife, Natural landscape will
occur unless good planning occurs.