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KHBNK

The document summarizes Darcy's law, which describes groundwater flow through porous media. It presents Darcy's law and the governing groundwater flow equation, which combines Darcy's law with the law of mass balance. It also discusses key concepts like hydraulic conductivity, specific discharge, hydraulic head, storage properties, and the use of Darcy's law in developing transient and steady-state groundwater flow equations. Representative diagrams are included to illustrate concepts like flow paths, storage terms, and the representative elementary volume approach.

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Juventino Vega
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169 views

KHBNK

The document summarizes Darcy's law, which describes groundwater flow through porous media. It presents Darcy's law and the governing groundwater flow equation, which combines Darcy's law with the law of mass balance. It also discusses key concepts like hydraulic conductivity, specific discharge, hydraulic head, storage properties, and the use of Darcy's law in developing transient and steady-state groundwater flow equations. Representative diagrams are included to illustrate concepts like flow paths, storage terms, and the representative elementary volume approach.

Uploaded by

Juventino Vega
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Darcy’s data for two different sands

Figure from Hornberger et al. (1998)


Range in hydraulic conductivity, K
13 orders of magnitude

Figure from Hornberger et al. (1998)


Figure from Hornberger et al. (1998)
Generalization of Darcy’s column

h/L = hydraulic
gradient

Q is proportional
to h/L

q = Q/A

Figure from Hornberger et al. (1998)


q = Q/A
q is a vector h
qx   Kx
x
z

h
qy   Ky
y
q
qz 2
z h
qz   Kz
x z
x
qx 1

In general: Kz < Kx, Ky


q = - K grad h
h
qx   Kx
x

h
qy   Ky
y

h
qz   Kz
z
Vector Form of Darcy’s Law

q = - K grad h
q = specific discharge (L/T)
K = hydraulic conductivity (L/T)
grad h = hydraulic gradient (L/L)
h = head (L)
q = - K grad h
q is a vector with 3 components

h is a scalar

K is a tensor with 9 components


(three of which are Kx, Ky, Kz)
Scalar Magnitude Head, concentration,
1 component temperature
Vector Magnitude and Specific discharge, (&
3 components direction velocity), mass flux,
heat flux

Tensor Magnitude, Hydraulic conductivity,


9 components direction and Dispersion coefficient,
magnitude thermal conductivity
changing with
direction
Darcy’s law

q = - K grad h

q equipotential line

grad h q grad h

Isotropic Anisotropic
Kx = Ky = Kz = K Kx, Ky, Kz
True flow paths

Linear flow
paths assumed
in Darcy’s law

Specific discharge Average linear velocity


q = Q/A v = Q/An= q/n
n = effective porosity

Figure from Hornberger et al. (1998)


Representative Elementary Volume
(REV)

REV

q = - K grad h
Equivalent Porous Medium
(epm)
Law of Mass Balance + Darcy’s Law =
Governing Equation for Groundwater Flow
---------------------------------------------------------------

div q = - Ss (h t) +R* (Law of Mass Balance)

q = - K grad Water (Darcy’s Law)


h balance equation

div (K grad h) = Ss (h t) –R*


Steady State Water Balance Equation
Inflow = Outflow
Recharge

Discharge

Transient Water Balance Equation


Inflow = Outflow +/- Change in Storage
Outflow - Inflow = Change in Storage
Storage Terms

h
h

Unconfined aquifer Confined aquifer


Specific yield = Sy Storativity = S
S=V/Ah
S = Ss b
Ss = specific storage
Figures from Hornberger et al. (1998)
W
OUT – IN =
qx qy qz
(    W ) x y z
x y z
REV

= change in storage

= - V/ t
S=V/Ah
Ss = V / (x y z h) Ss = S/b
here b =  z
V = Ss h (x y z)
t t
OUT – IN =
qx qy qz
(    W )   Ss h
x y z t
h
qx   Kx
x
h
qy   Ky
y
h
qz   Kz
z

 h  h  h h
( Kx )  ( Ky )  ( Kz )  Ss W
x x y y z z t
Law of Mass Balance + Darcy’s Law =
Governing Equation for Groundwater Flow
---------------------------------------------------------------

div q = - Ss (h t) +W (Law of Mass Balance)

q = - K grad h (Darcy’s Law)

div (K grad h) = Ss (h t) –W


 h  h  h h
( Kx )  ( Ky )  ( Kz )  Ss W
x x y y z z t

 h  h h
2D confined: (Tx )  (Ty )  S R
x x y y t
(S = Ss b & T = K b)

 h  h h
2D unconfined: (hKx )  (hKy )  Sy R
x x y y t
Figures from:
Hornberger et al., 1998. Elements of Physical Hydrology,
The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, 302 p.

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