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Unit 7 Module 31 Studying and Building Memories Powerpoint

The document discusses models of memory, including encoding, storage, and retrieval of information. It describes Atkinson and Shiffrin's model of memory which includes sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Working memory is discussed as an active processing system that connects new information to old. Memory involves both effortful and automatic processing through dual-track systems. Effortful processing leads to explicit memories through strategies like chunking, imagery, and testing effects.

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2K views

Unit 7 Module 31 Studying and Building Memories Powerpoint

The document discusses models of memory, including encoding, storage, and retrieval of information. It describes Atkinson and Shiffrin's model of memory which includes sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Working memory is discussed as an active processing system that connects new information to old. Memory involves both effortful and automatic processing through dual-track systems. Effortful processing leads to explicit memories through strategies like chunking, imagery, and testing effects.

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api-300762638
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
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Studying Memory

• Memory
• Extremes of
memory
Studying Memory
Memory Models
i.Encoding - How we process
information into the memory system;
getting the information into our brain.
ii.Storage - The process of retaining
coded memory (information) over time.
iii.Retrieval – Getting the information
back out from memory storage.
Studying Memory
Memory Models
iv. Parallel processing – Processing many
aspects of a problem simultaneously; the
brain’s natural mode of information
processing for many functions.
v. Connectionism – Memories are products
of interconnected neural networks
Studying Memory
Memory Models:
Working Memory
• Atkinson and Shiffrin Theory
– Sensory memory - first step in the memory
system; Immediate, brief recording of sensory
information (sound, taste, touch, etc.)
– Short-term memory - retaining information;
gets stored briefly through the act of
“rehearsal”
– Long-term memory - relatively permanent;
Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences
Studying Memory
Working Memory – newer understanding of short term memory
1.Modified version of the three-stage processing model of
memory
2. Conscious, active processing of auditory and visual-spatial
information
3. Focuses attention and pulls information from long-term
memory
4. Connects new information to previously stored information.
Studying Memory
Memory Models:
Working Memory
Building Memories: Encoding
Dual-Track Memory: Effortful Versus
Automatic Processing
a.Explicit memory (declarative
memory) facts and experiences that
we can consciously know and declare
i. Explicit memories are encoded
through effortful processing: requires
attention and conscious effort
Building Memories: Encoding
Dual-Track Memory: Effortful Versus Automatic
Processing
b.implicit memory (non-declarative
memory): does not involve conscious
recollection
i. implicit memories are retrieved through
automatic processing
c. automatic processing: unconscious
encoding of incidental information such as
space, time, and frequency
Building Memories: Encoding
Dual-Track Memory: Automatic
Processing and Implicit Memories
• Automatic Processing
• Space
• Time
• Frequency
Building Memories: Encoding
Dual-Track Memory: Effortful
Processing and Explicit Memories
Sensory Memory – feeds our active working
memory, recording momentary images of
scenes or echoes of sounds.
a. Iconic memory: momentary sensory
memory of visual stimuli (a picture image)
b. Echoic memory: momentary sensory
memory of auditory stimuli; sounds and
words can be recalled within 3-4 seconds
Sensory Memory
Building Memories: Encoding
Dual-Track Memory: Effortful Processing and Explicit Memories:
Capacity of Short-Term and Working
Memory
• Magic Number Seven: Short-term memory
can retain about seven information bits +
or – 2 .
Building Memories: Encoding
Dual-Track Memory: Effortful Processing and Explicit Memories:
Effortful Processing Strategies

a. Chunking: organizing information into familiar,


manageable units; often occurs automatically
b. Mnemonics: memory aids
c. Visual imagery: a memory technique that involves
constructing mental images when learning new
information
d. Peg Word System: visual images that connect with a
to-be-remembered item.
e. Acronyms: i.e. HOMES for the Great Lakes (Huron,
Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior)
Effortful Processing Strategies Cont.
f.Hierarchies: concepts divided and subdivided into
narrower concepts and facts (like an outline)
g.Spacing effect: distributed study or practice over an
extended period of time; yields better long term
retention
h.Massed practice: short and focused study or practice;
ie cramming for a test
i.Distributed practice: spread out learning that
produces better long term recall
j.Testing effect: repeated self-testing leads to longer
retention than just re-reading or reviewing
Building Memories: Encoding
Dual-Track Memory: Effortful Processing and Explicit Memories:
Effortful Processing Strategies
• Chunking
Building Memories: Encoding
Dual-Track Memory: Effortful Processing and Explicit Memories:
Effortful Processing Strategies
• Chunking
Building Memories: Encoding
Dual-Track Memory: Effortful Processing and Explicit Memories:
Effortful Processing Strategies
• Chunking
Building Memories: Encoding
Dual-Track Memory: Effortful Processing and Explicit Memories:
Effortful Processing Strategies
• Chunking
Building Memories: Encoding
Dual-Track Memory: Effortful Processing and Explicit Memories:
Effortful Processing Strategies
• Chunking
Building Memories: Encoding
Dual-Track Memory: Effortful Processing and Explicit Memories:
Effortful Processing Strategies
• Chunking
Building Memories: Encoding
Dual-Track Memory: Effortful Processing and Explicit Memories:
Levels of Processing
• Shallow processing: encoding on
a basic level
• Deep processing: encoding
semantically, based on the
meaning of words; the deeper
and more meaningful processing,
the better the retention
Answer these questions as quickly as
possible.
Building Memories: Encoding
Dual-Track Memory: Effortful Processing and Explicit Memories:
Making Material Personally
Meaningful
• Making material meaningful needs to
have a personal connection or
understanding of the material.
• Self-reference effect: we tend to have
more memory retention when the
information meaningfully relate to
ourselves

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