Advanced Transport Phenomena

Lecture 4
Mass Transport: Illustrative Problems

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Mass Transport: Illustrative Problems

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SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM

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 SOLUTION

Catalytic Converter

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 SOLUTION

a. Mechanism of CO(g) transport to the wall

If Re < 2100 (see below),transport to the wall is by

Fick diffusion of CO(g) through the prevailing
mixture.
1.73
0.216  T  cm 2
DCO  mix  DCO  N2    .
p  300  s

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 SOLUTION
1.73
Therefore 0.216  600  cm 2
DCO  mix  600 K ,1 atm      0.684 .
1  300  s
Analogous heat transfer diffusivity is k  cp  for gas
mixture
b. Discuss whether the Mass transfer Analogy
Conditions(M A C) and Heat transfer Analogy Conditions
(H A C) are met; implications ?

 Since Mmix and Mco are close yCO  CO ; hence we will
assume CO , 1  0.02.
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 SOLUTION

c. Sc for the mixture : ScCO  vmix DCO mix

Now:
1 
mix  air   700  500  
2 
4
 3.31  10 poise
and:

pM

1 28.97 
 5.88  10 4 g

RT  82.06  600  cm3

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 SOLUTION

therefore
cm2
v     mix  0.563
s
therefore

0.563
Sc  v DCO  mix   0.823
0.684

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 SOLUTION

d. L=? We will need Re

Now:
4 A  4  0.15 cm  0.15 cm 
d eff    0.15 cm
P  4  0.15cm 
U  103 cm s
v  0.562 cm2 s

therefore Re 
   0.15
103

 267 (laminar-flow
regime) 0.562

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 SOLUTION

For a square channel

Nu m     2.976 and C f . Re  14.227 (used below).
If CO , w  0, then the mass-transfer analogy is:

CO ,b  z 
CO ,b  0 

 exp 4 m F  entrance  . Nu m    

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 SOLUTION

where
1 z
m  . .
Re Sc deff

We estimate z  L at which b  L  b  0  0.05.

If
0.05  exp   X 
then
 1 
X  ln   = 2.9957
 0.05 
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 SOLUTION
therefore

4m . Num    . F  entrance   2.9957.

Tentatively, assume F (entrance =1).Then:
1  L 0 
 4. .    2.976   2.9957;
 267  0.823  0.15 cm 
that is,
 0 2.9957
m   0.25166
 4 2.976
(at which F (entrance) is indeed  1 ). Solving for L gives:
L =8.3 cm ( needed to give 95 % CO-Conversion). 12
 SOLUTION

e. Discuss underlying assumptions, e.g.,

fully developed flow?

nearly constant thermo physical properties?

no homogeneous chemical reaction?

“ diffusion-controlled” surface reaction?

f. If the catalyst were “ poisoned,” it would not be able to

maintain CO , w  CO ,b . This would cause Lreq to exceed
8.3 cm. If catalyst were completely deactivated, then
CO , w  CO ,b , and, of course, Lreq   13
 SOLUTION

g. If the heat of combustion is 67.8 kcal/mole CO, how

much heat is delivered to the catalyst channel per unit
time? Overall CO balance gives the CO-consumption
rate/channel:

mCO,channel  m CO, 1 . conversion  ,

where
m  U A   5.04 10 4
10   0.15
3 2

= 1.13 102 g s  per channel  .

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 SOLUTION

Moreover,

CO , 1  0.02; Conversion  0.95;

hence,
mCO ,channel  1.13 102   0.02  0.95  g s
= 2.156 104 g s
and

kcal 1 g  mole CO 3 cal

Q  67.8 .  2.42 10
g  mole CO 28 g g

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 SOLUTION
Therefore
 3 cal 
  2.156 10   2.42 10
4 cal
QCO oxid   0.522 .
 g  s
 The “sensible” heat transfer required to keep the wall
at 500 K can be calculated from a heat balance on the
8.3 cm-long duct- i.e., once we calculate Tb  L , we
have :

Qsensible  m c p Tb  0  - Tb  L  ,

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 SOLUTION
where
2
m  1.13 10 g s ,
c p  0.251 cal  g  K 
Tb 0  700 K .
Mixing cup avg temp at duct outlet ?

Tw  Tb  L   exp 4 .Nu  .F entrance .

Tw  Tb 0
 h h   

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 SOLUTION
Again, we see that F  entrance   1 since;
1 L 1  8.3 
h  .   ,
Re.Pr d eff  267  0.706   0.15 
 h  0.293.
Moreover,

Num     2.976;

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 SOLUTION
therefore

Tb L  Tw
 exp -4  0.293 2.976   0.0304;
Tb 0  Tw
and
Tb L  500
 0.0304, or
700  500
Tb  L  = 506 K

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 SOLUTION

Therefore,

Qsensible  m c p . Tb  0   Tb  L  
 2 g   cal 
= 1.135 10   0.251   700  506 K 
 s  g .K 

ie., Qsens  0.552 cal s ,

Qtotal  QCO oxid .  Qsens  0.522  0.552
cal
= 1.07 per channel .
s
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 SOLUTION
h. “Quasi-Steady” Application of These Results?
Note that:
L 8.3
t flow   3
 8.3 ms
U 10 cm s
and
w 2  0.15 2
2 2

t diff   2
 8.2 ms;
D CO  mix cm
0.684
s
hence, if the characteristic period of the unsteadiness >>
8.2 ms, the previous results can be used at each flow
condition.

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 SOLUTION

i. Pressure Drop p ?

We have:
w 14.227
Cf   for square duct, laminar flow.
1 Re
U 2
2
Therefore
1 2  14.227
 w   U  .  perimeter  mean shear stress  ,
2  Re

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 SOLUTION
But
4 2
1 5.043 10 g  3 cm  2 dyne
U 
2
3 
10  =2.98 10 .
2 2 cm  s  cm 2

Therefore

 w  ( 2.98 10 )
2 14.22
267
 
 2.98 102 5.335 10 3 
Cf

 w  1.345 dyne cm 2 .

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 SOLUTION

From overall momentum balance:

4w  4(0.15) cm
 p  Aduct channel   w .  Perim. .L
- p =  w  4 L w 
= 1.345  4  8.3 0.15  2.48 102 dyne cm2
-p p 1 = 2.93 105  0.003%.

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