Dr. M.V.S.S.S.M.

Prasad,
B.Tech (IITM), M.Tech (IITM), Ph.D (IITM)
(Formerly Additional General Manager,
BHEL Corp. R&D, Hyderabad)
Professor,
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering,
Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology,
Hyderabad
Email: [email protected]

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APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS - I

II B.Tech. Mech. Engg.

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INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

Unit II
Lecture-1

• Introduction

• Classification of I. C. Engines

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 Heat Engine

Input Energy Output Energy

Chemical Device
Energy/ (Mechanical Power)
Heat
(Thermal
Energy)
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 Heat Engines

Introduction
Engine is a device for converting one form
of Energy into another form.
Normally most of the Engines convert
Thermal Energy into Mechanical Energy.
Hence they are called Heat Engines.
Heat Engines can be broadly categorized
as
1. Internal Combustion (I.C) Engines
2. External Combustion (E.C) Engines 5
Classification of Heat Engines

Heat Engines

I C Engines E C Engines

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 CLASSIFICATION OF HEAT ENGINES

Heat Engines

I.C. Engines E.C. Engines

Rotary Reciprocating Reciprocating Rotary

Open Wankel Gasoline Diesel Steam Stirling Steam Closed

Cycle Engine Engine Engine Engine Engine Turbine Cycle
Gas Gas
Turbines Turbines

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Advantages of IC Engines over EC Engines
1. IC Engines have Higher Overall Efficiency
2. The working fluid will be discarded.
Hence no facility for its conservation
(recovery) is necessary.
3. The Engine has Low Weight to Power
Ratio
4. IC Engine Requires less space
5. It has Greater Mechanical Simplicity
6. Offers Easy and Instantaneous
‘Start from cold conditions’
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Cross-section of Internal Combustion Engine

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Operation of 4-Stroke Petrol Engine

INLET EXHAUST


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Operation of 2-Stroke Petrol Engine

EXHAUST

INLET


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 CLASSIFICATION OF I.C ENGINES
Based on their Functional Characteristics

1. Basic Engine Design:

2. Working Cycle:
3. Number of Strokes:
4. Type of Ignition
5. Fuel used:
6. Method of Fuel Supply:
7. Method of Ignition: (For SI Engines)-
8. Method of Cooling:
9. Cylinder Arrangement:
10.Method of Charging:
11. Applications:
12. Engine Speed
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 Classification of IC Engines
IC Engines are classified in various ways
depending on their functional characteristics

1. Basic Engine Design:

A. Reciprocating Engines
B. Rotary Engines (Wankel Engine)
2. Working Cycle:
A. Engines working on OTTO Cycle (SI Engines)
B. Engines working on DIESEL Cycle (CI Engines)
C. Engines working on Dual cycle
3. Number of Strokes:
A. Four Stroke Engines B. Two Stroke Engines 13
 Classification of IC Engines (Contd.)

4. Based On Type Of Ignition

A. Spark Ignition Engines

Spark is Generated Through an External Source

• And Thereby The Combustion Initiated

• Spark Requires A Very High Voltage.

Types Of Ignition Systems

• Battery Ignition System

• Magneto Ignition System

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 Classification of IC Engines (Contd.)

B. Compression Ignition Engines

No Need For An External Means To Generate Ignition

(For Ex: Through A Spark as in SI Engine)
Air Is Heated To A Sufficiently High Temperature
Because Of High Compression Ratio

• The Fuel Gets Self-ignited On Injection As Finely

Atomized Spray.
• Needs A Fuel Injection System

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 Classification of IC Engines (Contd.)
5. Based on Fuels used *:
1. Gasoline or Petrol Engines
2. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Engines
3. Diesel Engines
4. Dual Fuel Engines.

i. Volatile Fuels ii. Gaseous Fuels iii. Solid Fuels

• Gasoline • Natural Gas • Charcoal
• Alcohol • Liquified Petroleum Gas • Powdered
• Kerosene (LPG) Coal
• Benzene • Compressed Natural Gas (Pulverized
(CNG) Coal)
• Blast Furnace Gas
• Bio-gas

•Note: Solid Fuels Converted To Gaseous Form Outside. The

Engine (Gas Producer Engine) Operates As a Gas Engine)

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 Classification Of IC Engines (Contd.)

iv. Viscous Fuels

(Low Volatility At Normal Temperatures)
• Light Diesel Oil And
• Heavy Diesel Oil
Features
• Fuel Is Introduced Into The Cylinder As Minute Droplets By A
Fuel Injector At The End Of Compression Process.
• Combustion Of Fuel Takes Place Due To Its Contact With Hot
Air In The Cylinder
• These Engines Are Hence Called Compression Ignition
Engines (C.I. Engines)
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 Classification Of IC Engines (Contd.)

• V. Based On Type Of Fuel Used

Dual- Fuel Engines (Engines Using Two Fuels)
Features:
1. A Gaseous Fuel Or A Highly Volatile Fuel Is Supplied
Along With Air During Suction Stroke Or During
Initial Part Of Compression Through A Gas Valve In
The Cylinder Head
2. The Other Fuel ( A Viscous Liquid Fuel) Is Injected
Into The Combustion Space Near The End Of The
Compression Stroke
• Hence This Engine Is Referred To
As Dual-Fuel Engine
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 Classification Of IC Engines (Contd.)

• VI. Based On Type Of Cooling*

Two Types Of Engine Cooling In Practice

• Air Cooled Engine

• Water Cooled Engine
* Cooling Is Essential For The Satisfactory
And Healthy Working Of The Engine
(Otherwise Results In Engine Seizing)

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 Classification of IC Engines (Contd.)

7. Fuel Supply:
a. Carbureted type
- Fuel supplied through Carburetor
b. Injection type
- Fuel supplied through injector
i. Fuel injected into inlet ports or inlet manifold
ii. Fuel injected into cylinder just before Ignition.
8. Method of Ignition: (For SI Engines)-
i. Battery Ignition ii. Magneto Ignition
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9. Type Of Cylinder Arrangements (Contd.)

a) In-line Engine
b) V- Engine
c) Opposed Cylinder Engine
d) Opposed Piston Engine
e) Radial Engine
f) X-type Engine
g) H-type Engine
h) U-type Engine
i) Delta Type Engine
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 Engine Classification by Cylinder Arrangement

a. Inline
b. U-Cylinder
c. V-Type
d. X-Type
e. Radial
f. H-Type
g. Opposed
Cylinder
h. Opposed
Piston
i. Delta Type

Different Cylinder Arrangements in Multi-Cylinder Engines22

9. Based On Type Of Cylinder Arrangements contd.
(Applicable To Multi-cylinder Engines)

Terminology
Cylinder Row : An Arrangement With The
Center Line Of The Crank Shaft Journals
Perpendicular To The Plane Containing The
Centre Line Of The Engine Cylinders

Cylinder Bank: An Arrangement With The

Centre-line Of The Crankshaft Journals
Parallel To The Plane Containing The Centre-
lines Of The Engine Cylinders
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 10. Classification Based On
Method Of Charging

1. Naturally Aspirated Engines

• Admission Of Fuel-air Mixture
- At Near Atmospheric Pressure
2. Super-charged Engines
• Admission Of Fuel- Air Mixture
- Under Pressure (Above Atmospheric)

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11. Classification Based On Applications:
• Motor Cycle Engine
• Automobiles
• Earth Movers
• Locomotive Engine
• Marine Engine
• Aero Engine
• Prime movers for Electric Generators
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 Classification of IC Engines (Contd.)
12. Based on Engine Speed
• Low Speed - up to 500 rpm
• Medium Speed – 500 to 1000 rpm
• High Speed - above 1000 rpm

Note: The Mean Piston Speed given by

V = 2*N*Ls
gives a more representative indication
of the Engine Speed

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 IC ENGINES

FOUR STROKE ENGINE TWO STROKE ENGINE

S I ENGINES C I ENGINES

PETROL ENGINE GAS ENGINE DIESEL DUAL / MULTI FUEL DIVIDED CHAMBER
ENGINE ENGINE ENGINE

CARBURETED INJECTION
TYPE TYPE
PRE- CHAMBER SWIRL CHAMBER

BATTERY IGNITION MAGNETO IGNITION

WATER-COOLED AIR-COOLED

RECIPROCATING RECIPROCATING ROTARY

(MULTI-CYLINDER) (SINGLE CYLINDER) (WANKEL)

SINGLE TWIN
VEE-CYLINDER INCLINED CYLINDER OPPOSED CYLINDER
ROTOR ROTOR
(4/6/8/12) (2/4/6) (2/4/6)
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CLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES