COLLECTION

AND
PRESENTATION
OF DATA
Researchers in any field
should follow the scientific
process of collecting data to
arrive at valid and reliable
results. They may utilize
various instruments and
methods in collecting data,
but they use similar research
design in selecting the most
appropriate for their study.
THE NINE (9) TYPES OF
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
1. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
2. DESCRIPTIVE-NORMATIVE
3. DESCRIPTIVE-ANALYSIS
4. DESCRIPTIVE-STATUS
5. DESCRIPTIVE-CLASSIFICATION
6. DESCRIPTIVE-EVALUATE
7. DESCRIPTIVE-COMPARATIVE
8. CORRELATION SURVEY
9. LONGITUDINAL SURVEY
EXAMPLES
1. CORRELATION JOB-RELATED
PROBLEMS AND JOB-RELATED
PERFORMANCE OF PROFESSORS IN
STATE UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES
IN REGION VI (WESTERN VISAYAS)

From the above example the

research instrument the researcher
uses is a questionnaire
2. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS
ACHIEVEMENTS OF TEACHER
EDUCATION STUDENTS IN PRIVATE
COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES IN
REGION IV (WESTERN MINDANAO)

From the above example the

investigator uses a test as a research
instrument.
WHAT IS VALIDITY?

 The degree to which the

research instrument measure
what it purports to measure.
 Truthfulness or veracity of
information.
EXAMPLE OF VALIDITY IN A
TEST

THE TEST ITEM IN ENGLISH

(MYTHOLOGY). “WHO IS THE
GODDES OF BEAUTY?”.
OF THE 120 OR 100 STUDENTS IN
ENGLISH 120 OR 100 PERCENT
ANSWERED THAT THE GODDES OF
BEAUTY IS VENUS.
From the above students answer were
correct and both are valid and reliable.
Valid in a sense that their answer are
correct or true.
Reliable in a sense that their answer is
consistent.
IS A RELIABLE TEST ALWAYS VALID?

FOR EXAMPLE:
The test in mathematics is “How many
meters are there in one (1) kilometer?”
Of the 100 students on mathematics
10 percent said that there are 1000
meters in one kilometer.
THE ANSWER IS CORRECT AND VALID
But from the previous example 90
percent answered that there are 950
meters in one kilometer.
THEIR ANSWER IS INCORRECT BUT
RELIABLE BECAUSE IT IS
CONSISTENT.
THEREFORE, A RELIABLE TEST IS
NOT ALWAYS VALID.
TESTING THE VALIDITY OF THE
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

In validating the questionnaire by the

expert the options retain(3), revise(2),
and

delete(1) are at the end of each
item. And the weighted mean () is
computed to determine if the item is to
be retained, revise or delete.
 WEIGHTED MEAN COMPUTATION
f X fx
3 3 9
2 2 4
total: 5 13

For item number 6

=
=2.6
For item number 18
f X fX
4 3 12
1 2 2
Total:5 14

=
=2.8
From the above example of
questionnaire all items will be retained
because the weighted mean value
ranged from 2.6 to 3 when validated by
the experts
WHAT IS REALIBILITY?

 Consistency of information
 The information can be both reliable
and valid but sometimes the
information is correct although it is
consistent.
If that is the case a test may be
reliable but not valid or it can be
both valid and reliable.
MOST COMMON METHOD OF
TESTING THE REALIBILITY OF A
GOOD RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
The most common methods in testing
the reliability of a good research
instrument are:
1. Test-retest method
2. Product form method
3. Split-half method
4. Internal-consistency method
TEST-RETEST METHOD

 The same research instrument

are administered twice to the
same group of correspondents
to determine the correlation
coefficient.
DISADVANTAGES OF TEST-RETEST
METHOD

1) When the time of the research

instrument is too short wherein the
responders may recall their previous
responses making the correlation
coefficient high.
2) When the time interval is too long and
factors such as forgetting, unlearning,
and many others may results to low
correlation.
3)Regardless of the time interval,
separating the administrators, other
varying environmental conditions
such as noise, temperature, lighting,
health, lenient and strict proctor and
many others may affect the
correlation coefficient of the research
instrument.
WHAT STATISTICAL TOOL USED TO
DETERMINE THE RELIABILITY OF
TEST-RETEST METHOD

The SPEARMAN CORRELATION

COEFFICIENT METHOD or SPEARMAN
RHO.

To obtain the spearman rho value, we
apply the formula:
From the formula ,
is the Spearman rho;
is the summation of the


difference between ranks;

is the total number of cases
WHAT ARE THE STEPS TO APPLY
THE FORMULA?
 STEP 1: Rank the scores of the
correspondents from highest to
lowest in the first

administration and mark these
rank as The highest score
mark 1; the second highest
score 2; the third highest score
3; and so on.
 STEP 2: Rank the second set of scores
in the same manner as in STEP 1 and
mark as .
 STEP 3: Get the difference of ranks for
every pair of rank.
 STEP 4: Square each difference to


get .
 STEP 5: Add the squared difference to
get .
 STEP 6: Compute the Spearman rho
using the formula.
 For example:

Twenty (20) professors of State

Universities and colleges from Region
VII (Central Visayas) as pilot sample
who are not subject of the study are
requested to test the reliability of the
research instrument.
Σ
=
=
 =0.9898496
or 0.99 very high
The Spearman rho value obtain is
0.99 which is very high reliability.
Hence, the questionnaire is reliable.
DATA GATHERING
Having found the questionnaire valid and
reliable. The researchers proceeds to get
permit and approval of the head of the agency
where the subjects are employed.
Once the permit is issued the investigators
administer the questionnaire to the subjects of
the study. The subjects are given ample time to
answer the questionnaire.
The date of the administration of the
questionnaire, the retrieval date of the
questionnaire and the percentage of return of
the questionnaire must be stated.
DATA PROCESSING PROCEDURE

Once the questionnaire was retrieved the

researchers process the data in either
qualitative or quantitative forms.
Data processing involves input, throughput, and
output.
Input involves the responses in the
questionnaire of the subjects.
Throughput includes statistical treatment.
Output is the result of the study.
STATISTICAL TREATMENT

The statistical tools used to answer

the specific research questions of
the study must be described and
formula must be presented and
explained with authorities. The
level of confidence must be stated
to determine the significance of the
study.
PRESENTATION OF DATA

After the data was processed the result

should be processed using three (3)
forms:
1. Textual forms
2. Tabular form
3. Graphical form
In order to show the significant
characteristics.
TEXTUAL FORM
It is the simplest way to present the
data when there are few numbers to be
presented. In this form the result are
explained in paragraph form. See the
example:
The performance of instructors and professors at
the State Universities and Colleges in region VI are
as follows; 15 or 8.33% have outstanding
performance;80 or 44.44% have very satisfactory
performance; 55 or 30.56% satisfactory
performance; and 30 or 16.67%, fairly satisfactory.
TABULAR FORM

This form is done by presenting the

data in tables. Presenting the data
by means of statistical tables is a
systematic way of arranging them in
rows and columns. Each category in
in the category is placed in a row or
column and the data are placed in
the respective cells.
EXAMPLE OF TABULAR FORM
PERFORMANCE OF INSTRUCTORS AND PROFESSORS AT THE
STATE-UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGE IN REGION VI

INSTRUCTORS AND
PROFESSORS FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE (%)
PERFORMANCE

OUTSTANDING
15 8.33
VERY SATISFACTORY
80 44.44
SATISFACORY
55 30.56
FAIRLY
30 16.67
SATISFACTORY

TOTAL 180 100.00

WHAT ARE THE ESSENTIAL PARTS
OF THE STATISTICAL TABLE

A good statistical table consist of four

essential parts namely;
1. Table Caption
2. Stub
3. Box Heads
4. Body
1. TABLE CAPTION

This includes the table number and

heading. The researcher usually use a
double number for the tables wherein
the first number refers to the chapter
number and the second number refers to
the number of table in the chapter .
2. STUB

This refers to the rows of the

table which is found at the left.

3. BOX HEADS

These are the headings within

the box of the table wherein the
data are emphasized.
BODY OF THE TABLES

This refers to the main part of

the table containing the figures
which are placed in columns
aligned with
2.1PERFORMANCE OF INSTRUCTORS AND PROFESSORS AT THE
STATE-UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGE IN REGION VI

INSTRUCTORS AND
PROFESSORS FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE (%)
PERFORMANCE

OUTSTANDING
15 8.33
VERY SATISFACTORY
80 44.44
SATISFACORY
55 30.56
FAIRLY
30 16.67
SATISFACTORY

TOTAL 180 100.00

GRAPHICAL FORM
A graph is a geometric image or
mathematical picture of a set of
data.
There are numerous kinds of
graphical representation but the
most common used in presenting
research data are;
 line graph; bar graph; circle
graph and pictograph
LINE GRAPH

It is made by plotting the data

with a dot and connecting the
plotted points by means of
straight lines.
A graph has four essential parts,
namely (1) caption, (2)stub,
(3)reasonable proportion of data,
(4)body.
EXAMPLE OF A LINE GRAPH
BAR GRAPH

It is another way of presenting data in

graphical form. It represents data by
areas in the form of vertical rectangles
or bars.
Bar graph has clearer presentation of
data than line graph even if there are
two or more variables.
EXAMPLE OF BAR GRAPH
CIRCLE GRAPH

It is also called a pie graph.

It is a way of presenting data in
circular form. The data divide the
circles into parts and are
represented in percent or in
actual figures. The total of the
whole circle is 100%
EXAMPLE OF PIE/CIRCULAR GRAPH
PICTOGRAPH

It is a kind of graph which uses

pictures or symbols to represent
information.
EXAMPLE OF PICTOGRAPH
Thank You…..