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Heat Engine: - Sources of Heat Include The Combustion of Coal, Petroleum or Carbohydrates and Nuclear Reactions

A heat engine is a device that absorbs heat (Q1) from a hot body and uses it to do useful work (W) on its surroundings, rejecting some heat (Q2) to a cold body. It operates in a cycle such that the working substance is in the same state at the end of the cycle. Common working substances include gases and liquids like air, water vapor, and organic fluids. The efficiency of a heat engine depends on the temperatures of the hot and cold bodies. The Carnot cycle establishes the maximum possible efficiency.

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Yeshua Yesha
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74 views

Heat Engine: - Sources of Heat Include The Combustion of Coal, Petroleum or Carbohydrates and Nuclear Reactions

A heat engine is a device that absorbs heat (Q1) from a hot body and uses it to do useful work (W) on its surroundings, rejecting some heat (Q2) to a cold body. It operates in a cycle such that the working substance is in the same state at the end of the cycle. Common working substances include gases and liquids like air, water vapor, and organic fluids. The efficiency of a heat engine depends on the temperatures of the hot and cold bodies. The Carnot cycle establishes the maximum possible efficiency.

Uploaded by

Yeshua Yesha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Heat Engine

• A heat engine is a device that absorbs heat (Q) and uses it


to do useful work (W) on the surroundings when operating
in a cycle.
• Sources of heat include the combustion of coal, petroleum
or carbohydrates and nuclear reactions.
• Working substance: the matter inside the heat engine
that undergoes addition or rejection of heat and that does
work on the surroundings. Examples include air and water
vapour (steam).
• In a cycle, the working substance is in the same
thermodynamic state at the end as at the start.
HE2 Thermal Physics
Heat Engine
Hot Body
(source of heat)

Q1

E W

Q2

Cold Body
(absorbs heat)

HE2 Thermal Physics


Example of a Heat Engine

Open system
HE2 Thermal Physics
Internal Combustion Engine

d
a

HE2 Thermal Physics


Comparison of Otto and Diesel Cycles

Work per cycle


= Area inside
combustion

Q=0

Q=0

HE2 Thermal Physics


Nuclear Power Plant: A Very Large Heat Engine

HE2 Thermal Physics


Heat Engine
Hot Body
(source of heat)

Q1

E W

Q2

Cold Body
(absorbs heat)

HE2 Thermal Physics


Efficiency of a Heat Engine
W
Efficiency, h = Work out/Heat in: h
Q1
Apply First Law to the working substance:
DU = Q1 – Q2 – W
But in a cycle, DU = 0
Thus, W = Q1 – Q2.
W Q1  Q2 Q2
Substituting: h   1
Q1 Q1 Q1

Lesson: h is maximum when Q2 is minimum.

HE2 Thermal Physics


The Stirling Engine

•Closed system See: http://www.animatedengines.com/ltdstirling.shtml

•Operates between two bodies with (small) different temperatures.


HE2 Thermal Physics
• Can use “stray” heat
The Stirling Cycle
TH >TC

isothermal (TH - TC ) is proportional


to the amount of work
that is done in a cycle.
Heat in

= air temp

=hot water

2
isothermal Heat out

HE2 Thermal Physics


HE2 Thermal Physics
Carnot Cycle
Hot Reservoir
T1
Q1

C W

Q2

Cold Reservoir
T2
HE2 Thermal Physics
Carnot Cycle
Pressure

a
• Q1 P=
nRT1
V
b
• T1
Q=0
Q=0 const .
P=
• V
nRT2 d
P=
V Q2 •c T2
Volume
HE2 Thermal Physics
Carnot Cycle
Pressure

a
• Q1 P=
nRT1
V
b
• T1
Q=0W Q=0 const .
P=
• V
nRT2 d
P=
V Q2 •c T2
Volume
HE2 Thermal Physics
Carnot Cycle
From a to b: isothermal, so that DU = 0 and Q = - W
Thus, Q1 = +nRT1ln(Vb/Va) (+ve quantity)

From b to c: adiabatic, Q = 0, so that TV-1 is constant.


Thus, T1Vb-1 = T2Vc-1 or  1
T1  Vc 
  
T2  Vb 
Similarly, from c to d: isothermal, so that DU = 0 and Q = - W
Thus, Q2 = +nRT2ln(Vd/Vc) = -nRT2ln(Vc/Vd) (-ve)

Similarly, d to a: adiabatic, Q = 0, so that TV-1 is constant.


Thus, T2Vd-1 = T1Va-1 or  1
T1  Vd 
  
T2  Va  HE2 Thermal Physics
Carnot Cycle
 1  1
T1  Vc  V 
We see that:      d 
T2  Vb   Va 

Which means that Vc Vb



Vd Va

Now also: Q1 nRT1 ln(Vb / Va ) T1 ln(Vb / Va )


 
Q2 nRT2 ln(Vc / Vd ) T2 ln(Vc / Vd )

Q1 T1
But as the volume 
ratios are equal: Q2 T2
This is an important result. Temperature can be defined (on the
absolute (Kelvin) scale) in terms of the heat flows in a Carnot
Cycle. HE2 Thermal Physics
What’s Special about a Carnot Cycle?

(1) Heat is transferred to/from only two reservoirs at fixed


temperatures, T1 and T2 - not at a variety of temperatures.
(2) Heat transfer is the most efficient possible because the
temperature of the working substance equals the temperature
of the reservoirs. No heat is wasted in flowing from hot to cold.
(3) The cycle uses an adiabatic process to raise and lower the
temperature of the working substance. No heat is wasted in
heating up the working substance.
(4) Carnot cycles are reversible. Not all cycles are!

HE2 Thermal Physics


What’s Special about a Carnot Cycle?
(5) The Carnot theorem states that the Carnot cycle (or any
reversible cycle) is the most efficient cycle possible. The Carnot
cycle defines an upper limit to the efficiency of a cycle.
• Recall that for any cycle, the efficiency of a heat engine is
given as: W Q2
hE = = 1
Q1 Q1
• For an engine using a Carnot cycle, the efficiency is also
equal to: T2
hC = 1
T1

• Where T1 and T2 are the temperatures of the hot and cold


reservoirs, respectively, in degrees Kelvin.
 As T2 > 0, hc is always <1. HE2 Thermal Physics
Efficiency of a Stirling Engine
Question: What is the maximum possible efficiency of a
Stirling engine operating between room temperature (25 °C)
and boiling water (100 °C)?

Maximum efficiency would be achieved by a Carnot cycle


operating between reservoirs at T1 = 373 K and T2 = 298 K.
298 W
hc = 1 = 0.20 =
373 Q1
Question: What is the maximum possible efficiency of a
Stirling engine operating between room temperature (25 °C)
and ice (0 °C)?
273 W
hc = 1 = 0.08 =
298 Q1 HE2 Thermal Physics
Kelvin-Planck Statement of the Second Law of
Thermodynamics

“It is impossible to construct a device that - operating in a


cycle - will produce no other effect than the extraction of
heat from a single body and the performance of an
equivalent amount of work”

Or…A cyclical engine cannot convert heat from a single


body completely into work. Some heat must be rejected
at a lower temperature. Thus, efficiency, h < 1!

HE2 Thermal Physics


Heat Engine
Hot Body
(source of heat)
Q1

E W= -Q1

Q2 = 0

Cold Body
(absorbs heat)
HE2 Thermal Physics
Heat Engine

Hot Body
(source of heat)

Q1= 0 Examples: friction


creating heat;
W isothermal
POSSIBLE! E compression of ideal
gas
Q2 = W

Cold Body
(absorbs heat)
HE2 Thermal Physics
Refrigerator: A heat engine operating in reverse

Hot Body

Q1
Refrigerator Efficiency:

heatout Q2 E W
hR  
work in W
Q2

Cold Body

HE2 Thermal Physics


Refrigerator Efficiency
heatout Q2
hR  
work in W
First Law tells us that Q2 + W -Q1 = 0.
Thus, W = Q1 – Q2
Q2
hR 
Q1  Q2
For a Carnot refrigerator, the efficiency is:
1 Q1  Q2 Q1 T T T
  1  1 1  1 2
hR c Q2 Q2 T2 T2

T2 Efficiency is usually >1!


hR c

T1  T2 The smaller the T difference, the more efficient is the
refrigerator. HE2 Thermal Physics
Clausius Statement of the Second Law of
Thermodynamics

(applies to refrigerators)

“It is impossible to construct a device that - operating in a


cycle - will produce no other effect than heat transfer from
a colder body to hotter body.”

“Or…Heat cannot flow from a cold body to a hotter body


by itself. Work has to be done in the process.”

HE2 Thermal Physics


HE2 Thermal Physics
Efficiency of a Heat Pump

The purpose of a heat pump is to extract heat from a cold body (such
as the River Thames) and “pump” it to a hot body (such as an office
building).

The efficiency is defined as the amount of heat pumped in to the hot


body per the amount of work done:
Q
h hp C  1
W

The First Law tells us that W = Q1-Q2 So, substituting, we find:


Q1 T1 1
h hp C   
Q1  Q2 T1  T2 1  T2 / T1

hhp is always > 1! For maximum h, T2 should be  T1 (just slightly less).


HE2 Thermal Physics

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