CENTRIFUGAL

PUMPS
PREPARED BY:

PARAN, John Lloyd

MACASAET, Alwin
MALABUYOC, Lean Ernest
A centrifugal pump is one of the simplest pieces of
equipment in any process plant. Its purpose is to
convert energy of a prime mover (a electric motor
or turbine) first into velocity or kinetic energy and
then into pressure energy of a fluid that is being
pumped. The energy changes occur by virtue of two
main parts of the pump, the impeller and the volute
or diffuser. The impeller is the rotating part that
converts driver energy into the kinetic energy. The
volute or diffuser is the stationary part that converts
the kinetic energy into pressure energy.
 WORKING
MECHANISM OF A
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
 GENERATION OF CENTRIFUGAL
FORCE
The process liquid enters the suction nozzle and then into eye
(center) of a revolving device known as an impeller. When the
impeller rotates, it spins the liquid sitting in the cavities between
the vanes outward and provides centrifugal acceleration. As liquid
leaves the eye of the impeller a low-pressure area is created
causing more liquid to flow toward the inlet. Because the impeller
blades are curved, the fluid is pushed in a tangential and radial
direction by the centrifugal force. This force acting inside the
pump is the same one that keeps water inside a bucket that is
rotating at the end of a string.
GENERAL COMPONENTS OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

 Rotating Component
 Stationary Component
 STATIONARY COMPONENTS
1. CASING
Casings are generally of two types: volute and circular. The
impellers are fitted inside the casings.

• Volute casings build a higher head; circular casings are used for low
head and high capacity.

• A volute is a curved funnel increasing in area to the discharge port as

shown in Figure. As the area of the cross-section increases, the volute
reduces the speed of the liquid and increases the pressure of the
liquid.
 GENERAL COMPONENTS OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

LIQUID FLOW PATH INSIDE A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

Cut-away of a pump showing volute casing
• CIRCULAR CASING

Circular casing have stationary diffusion

vanes surrounding the impeller periphery that
convert velocity energy to pressure energy.
Conventionally, the diffusers are applied to
multi-stage pumps.
2 SUCTION AND DISCHARGE NOZZLE
The suction and discharge nozzles are part of the casings itself. They commonly
have the following configurations.

• End suction/Top discharge - The suction nozzle is located at the end of, and
concentric to, the shaft while the discharge nozzle is located at the top of the
case perpendicular to the shaft

• Top suction /Top discharge nozzle -The suction and discharge nozzles are
located at the top of the case perpendicular to the shaft.

• Side suction / Side discharge nozzles - The suction and discharge nozzles are
located at the sides of the case perpendicular to the shaft. This pump can have
either an axially or radially split case type.
Suction and Discharge Nozzle Locations
3. SEAL CHAMBER AND STUFFING BOX

Seal chamber and Stuffing box both refer to a chamber,

either integral with or separate from the pump case
housing that forms the region between the shaft and
casing where sealing media are installed. When the
sealing is achieved by means of a mechanical seal, the
chamber is commonly referred to as a Seal Chamber.
When the sealing is achieved by means of packing, the
chamber is referred to as a Stuffing Box
Gland:
The gland is a very important part of the seal chamber or the stuffing box. It gives the
packings or the mechanical seal the desired fit on the shaft sleeve. It can be easily
adjusted in axial direction. The gland comprises of the seal flush, quench, cooling,
drain, and vent connection ports as per the standard codes like API 682.

Throat Bushing:
The bottom or inside end of the chamber is provided with a stationary device called
throat bushing that forms a restrictive close clearance around the sleeve (or shaft)
between the seal and the impeller.

Throttle Bushing refers to a device that forms a restrictive close clearance around the
sleeve (or shaft) at the outboard end of a mechanical seal gland.

Internal circulating device refers to device located in the seal chamber to circulate
seal chamber fluid through a cooler or barrier/buffer fluid reservoir. Usually it is
referred to as a pumping ring.
4. BEARING HOUSING
The bearing housing encloses the bearings mounted
on the shaft. The bearings keep the shaft or rotor in
correct alignment with the stationary parts under the
action of radial and transverse loads. The bearing house
also includes an oil reservoir for lubrication, constant
level oiler, jacket for cooling by circulating cooling
water.
 ROTATING COMPONENTS

1. Impeller

2. Shafts
 IMPELLER TYPES
• Closed impellers require wear rings and these wear
rings present another maintenance problem.

• Open impeller and semi-open impellers are less likely

to clog, but need manual adjustment to the volute or
back-plate to get the proper impeller setting and
prevent internal re-circulation.
2. SHAFT

The basic purpose of a centrifugal pump shaft is to

transmit the torques encountered when starting and
during operation while supporting the impeller and
other rotating parts. It must do this job with a
deflection less than the minimum clearance between
the rotating and stationary parts.
• Shaft Sleeve
Pump shafts are usually
protected from erosion, corrosion , and
wear at the seal chambers, leakage
joints, internal bearings, and in the
waterways by renewable sleeves. Unless
otherwise specified, a shaft sleeve of
wear, corrosion, and erosion resistant
material shall be provided to protect the
shaft. The sleeve shall be sealed at one
end. The shaft sleeve assembly shall
extend beyond the outer face of the seal
gland plate. (Leakage between the shaft
and the sleeve should not be confused
with leakage through the mechanical
seal).
• Coupling
Couplings can compensate
for axial growth of the shaft
and transmit torque to the
impeller. Shaft couplings can
be broadly classified into two
groups: rigid and flexible.
Rigid couplings are used in
applications where there is
absolutely no possibility or
room for any misalignment.
CLASSIFICATION
OF CENTRIFUGAL
PUMPS
1. RADIAL FLOW PUMPS
• In a radial flow pump, the liquid enters at
the center of the impeller and is directed
out along the impeller blades in a
direction at right angles to the pump shaft.

• Radial flow pumps are centrifugal

pumps at which the fluid handled leaves
the impeller in a radial direction. The
radial outward movement of the flow in
the impeller causes higher centrifugal
forces, which translate into higher
discharge pressures but typically
smaller volume flow rate
2. AXIAL FLOW PUMPS
In an axial flow pump, the impeller
pushes the liquid in a direction parallel
to the pump shaft. Axial flow pumps
are sometimes called propeller pumps
because they operate essentially the
same as the propeller of a boat.
The main advantage of an AFP is that
it can easily be adjusted to run at peak
efficiency at low-flow/high-pressure
and high-flow/low-pressure by
changing the pitch on the propeller
3. MIXED FLOW PUMPS

• Mixed flow pumps borrow

characteristics from both radial
flow and axial flow pumps.

• As liquid flows through the

impeller of a mixed flow pump,
the impeller blades push the liquid
out away from the pump shaft and
to the pump suction at an angle
greater than 90 degrees.
MULTI-STAGE CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

A centrifugal pump with a single

impeller that can develop a differential
pressure of more than 150 psi between the
suction and the discharge is difficult and
costly to design and construct. A more
economical approach to develop high
pressures with a single centrifugal pump is to
include multiple impellers on a common shaft
within the same pump casing. Internal
channels in the pump casing route the
discharge of one impeller to the suction of
another impeller.
Classification Of Centrifugal Pumps
According To Working Head

• Low Lift Centrifugal Pump

Low Lift Centrifugal Pumps

are capable of working against
heads up to 15m.
• Medium Lift Centrifugal Pump

Medium Lift Centrifugal Pumps are

basically used against the heads as
high as 40m.
• High Lift Centrifugal Pumps

High lift centrifugal pumps

are used to deliver liquids at heads
above 40m.
 Classification Of Centrifugal Pumps
According To Liquid Handled

• Pure Liquid
When pure liquid is to pump, the centrifugal pump
with the closed impeller are used because they have
better guidance and high efficiency

• Little Impure Liquid

• When liquid have a little impurity, then centrifugal
pump with semi-open impeller are used.
• Liquid with Solid Matter

When sewage, paper pulp, water

containing sand or grit is to be
pumped, then pumped with open
impeller is used.
SUMMARY OF TROUBLE
AND REMEDIES OF A
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
 NO LIQUID DELIVERY
CAUSES CURES
• Lack of prime Fill pump and suction pipe completely with liquid.
• Loss of prime Check for leaks in suction pipe joints and fittings; vent casing to remove
accumulated air.
• Suction lift too high If no obstruction at inlet, check for pipe friction losses. However, static
lift may be too great. Measure with mercury column or vacuum gauge
while pump operates. If static lift is too high, liquid to be pumped must
be raised or pump lowered.
• Discharge system head too Check pipe friction losses. Larger discharge piping may correct
high condition. Check that valves are wide open.
• Speed too low Check whether motor is directly across-the-line and receiving full
voltage. Alternatively, frequency may be too low; motor may have an
open phase.
• Wrong direction of rotation Check motor rotation with directional arrow on pump casing. Wrong
rotation will cause pump damage.
 NOT ENOUGH LIQUID DELIVERED
CAUSES CURES
• Air leaks in suction If liquid pumped is water or other non-explosive, and explosive gas or dust is not present,
piping test flanges for leakage with flame or match. For such liquids as gasoline, suction line can
be tested by shutting off or plugging inlet and putting line under pressure. A gauge will
indicate a leak with a drop of pressure.
• Air leaks in stuffing box Increase seal lubricant pressure to above atmosphere.
• Cavitation; insufficient a. Increase positive suction head on pump by lowering pump or increasing suction pipe
NPSH (depending on size or raising fluid level.
installation) b. Sub-cool suction piping at inlet to lower entering liquid temperature.
c. Pressurize suction vessel.
• Defective impeller Inspect impeller. Replace if damaged or vane sections badly eroded.
• Defective packing Replace packing and sleeves if badly worn.
• Foot valve too small or Area through ports of valve should be at least as large as area of suction pipe- preferably
partially obstructed 1½ times. If strainer is used, net clear area should be3 to 4 times area of suction pipe.

• Suction inlet not If inlet cannot be lowered, or if eddies through which air is sucked persist when it is
immersed deep enough lowered, chain a board to suction pipe. It will be drawn into eddies, smothering the vortex.
 NOT ENOUGH PRESSURE
CAUSES CURES
• Obstruction in liquid Dismantle pump and inspect passages of impeller
passages and casing. Remove obstruction.
• Air or gases in liquid May be possible to over rate pump to point where
(Test in laboratory, it will provide adequate pressure despite
reducing pressure on condition. Better to provide gas separation
liquid to pressure in chamber on suction line near pump, and
suction line. Watch for periodically exhaust accumulated gas.
bubble formation.)
• Excessive impeller Adjust impeller clearance.
clearance
 PUMP OPERATES FOR SHORT TIME, THEN STOPS
CAUSES CURES
• Incomplete priming Free pump, piping and valves of all air. If high
points in suction line prevent this, they need
correcting.
 PUMP TAKES TOO MUCH POWER
CAUSES CURES
• Head lower than rating; thereby pumping too much Machine impeller's OD to size advised by factory.
liquid

• Liquid heavier (in either viscosity or specific Use larger driver. Consult factory for recommended
gravity) than allowed for size. Test liquid for viscosity and specific gravity.

• Stuffing box too tight (Packing) Release gland pressure. Tighten reasonably. If
sealing liquid does not flow while pump operates,
replace packing. If packing is wearing too quickly,
replace scored shaft sleeves and keep liquid
seeping for lubrication.
• Casing distorted by excessive strains from suction Check alignment. Examine pump for friction
or discharge piping between impeller and casing. Replace damaged
parts. Check for pipe strain.

• Shaft bent due to damage - through shipment, Dismantle pump and inspect shaft.
 PUMP TAKES TOO MUCH POWER
CAUSES CURES
• Mechanical failure of critical pump parts Check bearings and impeller for damage. Any irregularity in these parts
will cause a drag on shaft.

• Misalignment Realign pump and driver.

• peed may be too high (brake hp of pump varies as the cube of the Check voltage on motor.
speed; therefore, any increase in speed means considerable increase
in power demand)

• Electrical defects The voltage and frequency of the electrical current may be lower than
that for which motor was built or there may be defects in motor. The
motor may not be ventilated properly due to a poor location.

• Mechanical defects in turbine, engine, or other type of drive If trouble cannot be located, consult factory.
exclusive of motor
DATA SHEET NEEDED
IN SELECTION OF
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
FEATURES AND BENEFITS

• The Paco KP horizontal split case pump and KPV

vertical split case pump are single stage, centrifugal
volute pumps with high energy efficiency and low
lifecycle costs.

• Ease of service and long-term reliability are two of the

selling features of the KP pumps. The split case design
enables removal and dismantling of the internal pump
parts (bearings, wear rings, impeller, and shaft seals)
without disturbing the motor or pipe work. The two-
bearing design means less vibration and higher
reliability. The separate bearing housings allow for
inspection of the seals, sleeves and bearings without
removing the top half of the casing.
KP pumps cover this performance range:

• Flow rate: 60 to 12000 gpm [10 to 2700 m^3/h]

• Head: 15 to 700 ft [5 to 215 m]
• Motor (P2): 10 to 2000 hp

The pumps are non-self-priming, centrifugal volute

pumps with radial suction and radial discharge ports
and horizontal shaft. Impellers are hydraulically
balanced
Paco KP pumps are available in these different options:
• Pump with motor and base (see fig. 1). • Bare shaft pump, i.e. pump without motor, with base (see fig. 2).

• Bare shaft pump, i.e. pump without motor, without base (see fig. 3).
 APPLICATIONS OF PACO KP PUMPS

• Commercial Systems

• Industrial Systems
• Water Distribution
• Irrigation
COMMERCIAL SYSTEMS
Liquid transfer and pressure boosting in:
• air conditioning, primary and secondary chilled water systems
• water condensing systems and cooling towers
• boiler feed and condensate systems
• district heating plants and heating systems
• swimming pools
• fountains
INDUSTRIAL SYSTEMS
Liquid transfer and pressure boosting in:

• process cooling and chilled water systems

• water condensing systems and cooling towers
• boiler feed and condensate systems
• industrial heating systems
• wash down and cleaning systems
• industrial processing systems (water, light chemicals, oils, etc).
WATER DISTRIBUTION
Liquid transfer and pressure boosting in:

• public waterworks
• non-potable water systems
IRRIGATION AND AQUACULTURE
Irrigation covers these applications:

• field irrigation (flooding)

• sprinkler irrigation
• drip-feed irrigation
• aqua farming
OPERATING CONDITIONS
MAINTENANCE AND
PROCEDURE FOR
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
ROUTINE INSPECTIONS
•Check the level and condition of the oil through the sight glass on the bearing frame.
•Check for unusual noise, vibration, and bearing temperatures.
•Check the pump and piping for leaks.
•Analyze the vibration.
•Inspect the discharge pressure.
•Inspect the temperature.
•Check the seal chamber and stung box for leaks.
•Ensure that there are no leaks from the mechanical seal.
•Adjust or replace the packing in the stung box if you notice excessive leaking.
THREE-MONTH INSPECTIONS

• Check that the foundation and the hold-down bolts are tight. •Check
the mechanical seal if the pump has been left idle, and replace as
required.
• Change the oil every three months (2000 operating hours) at minimum.
• Change the oil more often if there are adverse atmospheric or other
conditions that might contaminate or break down the oil. •Check the
shaft alignment, and realign as required.
ANNUAL INSPECTIONS

Perform the following inspections one time each year:

•Check the pump capacity.

•Check the pump pressure.
•Check the pump power.
PUMP MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE

• Routine maintenance (Can be made during pump operation)

• Perform the following tasks whenever you perform routine maintenance:
• Clean bearing bracket from any oil if found.
• Check oil drain plug.
• Lubricate the bearings.
• Inspect suction and discharge angles for any leak.
• Inspect pump casing for any unusual damage signs.
• Inspect the seal.
• If the pump is offline check the coupling and its shims for any damage.
• Make sure that the coupling guard s well tightened to pump base plate.
• Check that motor alignment bolts are all in place.