Introduction to computer and C programming

language
 Computer?
 Computer Programs?
 Software?
 Hardware?

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 Computer
◦ Device capable of performing computations and
making logical decisions
 Computer programs
◦ Sets of instructions that control computer’s
processing of data
 Hardware
◦ Various devices comprising computer
 Keyboard, screen, mouse, disks, memory, CD-ROM,
processing units, …
 Software
◦ Programs that run on computer

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 Six logical units of computer
1. Input unit
 “Receiving” section
 Obtains information from input devices
 Keyboard, mouse, microphone, scanner …
2. Output unit
 “Shipping” section
 Takes information processed by computer
 Places information on output devices
 Screen, printer, plotter, projector …
 Information used to control other devices

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 Six logical units of computer

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 Six logical units of computer

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 Six logical units of computer
3. Memory unit
 Rapid access, relatively low capacity “warehouse”
section
 Retains information from input unit
 Immediately available for processing
 Retains processed information
 Until placed on output devices
 Memory, primary memory
4. Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
 “Manufacturing” section
 Performs arithmetic calculations and logic decisions

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 Six logical units of computer
5. Central processing unit (CPU)
 “Administrative” section
 Supervises and coordinates other sections of
computer
6. Secondary storage unit
 Long-term, high-capacity “warehouse” section
 Storage
 Inactive programs or data
 Secondary storage devices
 Disks
 Longer to access than primary memory
 Less expensive per unit than primary memory

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 Early computers
◦ Single-user batch processing
 Only one job or task at a time
 Process data in groups (batches)
 Decks of punched cards
 Operating systems
◦ Software systems
◦ Manage transitions between jobs
◦ Increased throughput
 Amount of work computers process

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 Multiprogramming
◦ Many jobs or tasks sharing computer’s resources
◦ “Simultaneous” operation of many jobs
 Timesharing
◦ Special case of multiprogramming
◦ Users access computer through terminals
 Devices with keyboards and screens
 Dozens, even hundreds of users
◦ Perform small portion of one user’s job, then moves
on to service next user
◦ Advantage:
 User receives almost immediate responses to requests

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 Personal computers
◦ 1977: Apple Computer
◦ Economical enough for individual
◦ 1981: IBM Personal Computer
◦ “Standalone” units
 Computer networks
◦ Over telephone lines
◦ Local area networks (LANs)
 Distributed computing
◦ Organization’s computing distributed over
networks

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 Workstations
◦ Provide enormous capabilities
◦ Information shared across networks
 Client/server computing
◦ File servers
 Offer common store of programs and data
◦ Client computers
 Access file servers across network
 UNIX, Linux, Microsoft’s Window-based
systems

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 Three types of computer languages
1. Machine language
 Only language computer directly understands
 “Natural language” of computer
 Defined by hardware design
 Machine-dependent
 Generally consist of strings of numbers
 Ultimately 0s and 1s
 Instruct computers to perform elementary operations
 One at a time
 Cumbersome for humans
 Example:
+1300042774
+1400593419
+1200274027

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 Three types of computer languages
2. Assembly language
 English-like abbreviations representing elementary
computer operations
 Clearer to humans
 Incomprehensible to computers
 Translator programs (assemblers)
 Convert to machine language
 Example:
LOAD BASEPAY
ADD OVERPAY
STORE GROSSPAY

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 Three types of computer languages
3. High-level languages
 Similar to everyday English, use common
mathematical notations
 Single statements accomplish substantial tasks
 Assembly language requires many instructions to
accomplish simple tasks
 Translator programs (compilers)
 Convert to machine language
 Interpreter programs
 Directly execute high-level language programs
 Example:
grossPay = basePay + overTimePay

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 History of C
◦ Evolved from two other programming languages
 BCPL and B
 “Typeless” languages
◦ Dennis Ritchie (Bell Laboratories)
 Added data typing, other features

◦ Hardware independent
 Portable programs

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 C programs
◦ Built from pieces called functions
 C standard library
◦ Rich collections of existing functions
 “Building block approach” to creating
programs
◦ “Software reuse”

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 Structured programming (1960s)
◦ Disciplined approach to writing programs
◦ Clear, easy to test and debug, and easy to modify
 Pascal
◦ 1971: Niklaus Wirth
 Ada
◦ 1970s - early 1980s: US Department of Defense
(DoD)
◦ Multitasking
 Programmer can specify many activities to run in
parallel

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 C language
◦ Facilitates structured and disciplined approach to
computer program design
 Following several examples
◦ Illustrate many important features of C
◦ Each analyzed one statement at a time
 Structured programming

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 C systems
◦ Program-development environment
◦ Language
◦ C Standard Library

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 Program is created in
Editor Disk
Phases of C Programs: the editor and stored
on disk.

1. Edit Preprocessor Disk Preprocessor program

processes the code.
2. Preprocess Compiler creates
Compiler Disk object code and stores
3. Compile it on disk.
Linker links the object
4. Link Linker Disk code with the libraries,
creates a.out and
5. Load Primary
Memory
stores it on disk
Loader
6. Execute
Loader puts program
in memory.
Disk ..
..
..

Primary
Memory
CPU
CPU takes each
instruction and
executes it, possibly
storing new data
..
.. values as the program
..
executes.
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 Input/output
◦ Scanf()
 Standard input stream
 Normally keyboard
◦ Printf()
 Standard output stream
 Normally computer screen

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 Comments
◦ Document programs
◦ Improve program readability
◦ Single-line comment
 Begin with //
 Preprocessor directives
◦ Processed by preprocessor before compiling
◦ Begin with #

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 Standard output stream object
◦ Printf()
◦ “Connected” to screen
 Stream insertion operator
 Escape characters
◦ \
◦ Indicates “special” character output

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Escape Sequence Description

\n Newline. Position the screen cursor to the

beginning of the next line.
\t Horizontal tab. Move the screen cursor to the next
tab stop.
\r Carriage return. Position the screen cursor to the
beginning of the current line; do not advance to the
next line.
\a Alert. Sound the system bell.
\\ Backslash. Used to print a backslash character.
\" Double quote. Used to print a double quote
character.

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 Variables
◦ Location in memory where value can be stored
◦ Common data types
 int - integer numbers
 char - characters
 double - floating point numbers
◦ Declare variables with name and data type before use
int integer1;
int integer2;
int sum;
◦ Can declare several variables of same type in one
declaration
 Comma-separated list
int integer1, integer2, sum;

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 Variables
◦ Variable names
 Valid identifier
 Series of characters (letters, digits, underscores)
 Cannot begin with digit
 Case sensitive

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 Input stream object
◦ (stream extraction operator)
 Used with scanf()
 Waits for user to input value, then press Enter (Return)
key
 Stores value in variable to right of operator
 Converts value to variable data type
 = (assignment operator)
◦ Assigns value to variable
◦ Binary operator (two operands)
◦ Example:
sum = variable1 + variable2;

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 Variable names
◦ Correspond to actual locations in computer's
memory
◦ Every variable has name, type, size and value
◦ When new value placed into variable, overwrites
previous value
◦ Reading variables from memory nondestructive

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Scanf(“%d”, integer1); integer1 45
◦ Assume user entered 45

Scanf(“%d”, integer2); integer1 45

◦ Assume user entered 72 integer2 72

sum = integer1 + integer2; integer1 45

integer2 72
sum 117

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 A variable is a place-holder for values that
has a name and type.

 Example: int total = 1639;

 A value assigned to the variable is stored in

memory

 C provides integer, floating-point numbers,

and character variable types
#include <stdio.h> //for seeing output on screen
void main()
{
int num1 = 5;
int num2 = 7;
Int total=num1+num2;
Printf(“the sum of num1 and num2 is
%d”,total);
getch();
}
 Floating-point variables represent numbers
with a decimal place – like: 3.141, 0.0056,
and -10.2 with integer and fractional parts
and are used to represent quantities such as
distance, area, and temperature.
Keyword Low Range High Range Bytes of memory
bool false true 1
char -128 127 1
short -32,768 32,767 2
int -2,147,483,648 2,147,483,647 4
long -2,147,483,648 2,147,483,647 4
Float 3.4x10 -38 3.4x10 38 4
double 1.7x10 -308 1.7x10 308 8