Visualizing and Exploring Data

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 Topics

• Data Visualization
• Data Queries: Using Sorting and Filtering
• Statistical Methods for Summarizing Data
• Exploring Data Using PivotTables

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 Data Visualization
Creating Charts in Microsoft Excel
Select the insert tab.
Highlight the data.
Click on chart type, then subtype.

Figure 3.1

Use chart tools to customize.

Figure 3.2

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 Data Visualization
Example 3.1 Creating a Column ChartHighlighted Cells

Figure 3.3

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 Data Visualization
Example 3.1 (continued) Creating a Column
Chart
Choose column chart (clustered or stacked).
Add chart title (Alabama Employment).
Rename Series1, Series2, and Series3
(ALL EMPLOYEES, Men, Women).

Figure 3.4

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 Data Visualization
Example 3.1 (continued) Creating a Column
Chart Clustered
Column
Chart

Figure 3.5

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 Data Visualization
Example 3.1 (continued) Creating a Column
Chart Stacked
Column
Chart

Figure 3.6

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 Data Visualization

Example 3.2 Line Chart for U.S. Exports to

China

Figure 3.7

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 Data Visualization

Example 3.3 Pie Chart for Census Data

Figure 3.8

Figure 3.9

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 Data Visualization

Example 3.4 Area Chart for Energy

Consumption

Figure 3.10

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 Data Visualization

Example 3.5 Scatter Chart for Real Estate Data

Figure 3.11

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 Data Visualization

Example 3.6
Bubble Chart for Comparing Stock
Characteristics

Figure 3.12

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 Data Visualization

Miscellaneous Excel Charts

•Stock chart
•Surface chart
•Doughnut chart
•Radar chart
•Geographic mapping

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 Data Queries: Using Sorting and Filtering
Example 3.7
Sorting Data in the Purchase Orders Database

Figure 3.13
Sort by Supplier

Figure 3.14

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 Data Queries: Using Sorting and Filtering
Pareto Analysis
 An Italian economist, Vilfredo Pareto, observed in
1906 that a large proportion of the wealth in Italy
was owned by a small proportion of the people.
 Similarly, businesses often find that a large
proportion of sales come from a small proportion
of customers.
 A Pareto analysis involves sorting data and
calculating cumulative proportions.

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 Data Queries: Using Sorting and Filtering
Example 3.8 Applying the Pareto Principle Sort by

Figure 3.15
75% of the bicycle inventory value comes from 40% (9/24) of items.

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 Data Queries: Using Sorting and Filtering

Example 3.9 Filtering Records by Item Description

Highlight A3:J97
Data tab
Sort & Filter group
Filter
Click on the D3
dropdown arrow.
Select Bolt-nut
package to filter out
all other items.
Figure 3.16

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 Data Queries: Using Sorting and Filtering

Example 3.9 (continued)

Filtering Records by Item Description
Filter results for the bolt-nut package

Figure 3.17

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 Data Queries: Using Sorting and Filtering
Example 3.10 Filtering Records by Item Cost
To identify items that
cost at least $200
•Click on dropdown
arrow for item cost
•Number Filters
Greater Than Or
Equal To…

Figure 3.18

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 Data Queries: Using Sorting and Filtering

Example 3.10 (continued) Filtering by Item Cost

Custom AutoFilter dialog box
Click OK
Only items
costing at least
$200 is then
displayed.
Figure 3.19

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 Data Queries: Using Sorting and Filtering

AutoFilter criteria is based on the data type.

Number Filters includes numerical criteria.
Date Filters include tomorrow, next week, etc.

AutoFilter can be used sequentially.

First filter by one variable.
Then filter those data by another variable.

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 Data Queries: Using Sorting and Filtering

Analytics in Practice: Discovering Value

of Data Analysis at Alders International

 Duty free operations at airports, seaports, etc.

 Maintain a data warehouse to track point-of-sale
information and inventory levels.
 Pareto analysis revealed that 80% of profits were
generated from 20% of their product lines.
 Allows selective elimination of less profitable
items.

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 Statistical Methods for Summarizing Data

Example 3.11 Constructing a Frequency Distribution

for Items in the Purchase Order Database
Copy Column D (Item Description) to Column A in a new worksheet

Figure 3.20

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 Statistical Methods for Summarizing Data

Example 3.11 (continued) Constructing a Frequency

Distribution for Items in the Purchase Order Database

Figure 3.21 Figure 3.22

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 Statistical Methods for Summarizing Data
Example 3.11 (continued) Constructing a Frequency
Distribution for Items in the Purchase Order Database

Figure 3.23

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 Statistical Methods for Summarizing Data

Example 3.12 Constructing a Relative Frequency

Distribution for Items Purchased

Compute relative
frequencies by
dividing each
frequency by 94.

Figure 3.24

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 Statistical Methods for Summarizing Data

Example 3.13 Frequency and Relative

Frequency Distribution for A/P Terms

Figure 3.25

Figure 3.26

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 Statistical Methods for Summarizing Data

Excel’s Histogram Tool

Using the Analysis Toolpak

Data
Data Analysis
Histogram
Figure 3.27

Fill in the Input Range and Bin Range (optional).

Choose Labels if columns have headers rows.
Choose Chart Output.

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 Statistical Methods for Summarizing Data

Example 3.14
Using the Histogram Tool for A/P Terms

A/P data in H3:H97

Bins below in H99:H103

Month
15
25
30
Figure 3.28
45

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 Statistical Methods for Summarizing Data

Example 3.14 (continued)

Using the Histogram Tool for A/P Terms

Table above is
not linked to
chart.

Figure 3.29

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 Statistical Methods for Summarizing Data

Example 3.15 Constructing a Frequency

Distribution and Histogram for Cost Per Order

5 groups with a
$26,000 group width

Figure 3.30

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 Statistical Methods for Summarizing Data

Example 3.15 (continued) Constructing a

Frequency Distribution and Histogram for Cost
Per Order

10 groups with a
$13,000 group width

Figure 3.31

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 Statistical Methods for Summarizing Data

Example 3.16 Computing Cumulative Relative

Frequencies for the Cost Per Order Data

Figure 3.33
Ogive
Figure 3.32

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 Statistical Methods for Summarizing Data

Example 3.17 Computing Percentiles

Compute the 90th percentile for cost per order in
the Purchase Orders Data.
•Rank of kth percentile =
•n = 94 observations
•k = 90
•Rank of 90th percentile = 94(90)/100+0.5
= 85.1 (round to 85)
•Value of the 85th observation = $74,375
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 Statistical Methods for Summarizing Data

Example 3.18 Computing Percentiles in Excel

Compute the 90th percentile for cost per order.
•Excel function for the kth percentile:
=PERCENTILE.INC(array, k)
=PERCENTILE.INC(G4:G97, 0.90)
= $73,737.50
•Excel does not use the formula on previous
slide.

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 Statistical Methods for Summarizing Data

Example 3.19 Excel’s Rank and Percentile Tool

Data
Data Analysis
Rank and Percentile

90.3rd percentile
= $74,375
(same result as
manually computing
the 90th percentile)
Figure 3.34

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 Statistical Methods for Summarizing Data

Example 3.20 Computing Quartiles in Excel

Compute the Quartiles of the Cost per Order data
 Excel function for quartiles:
=QUARTILE.INC(array, quart)
 =QUARTILE.INC(G4:G97, 1) = $6,757.81
 =QUARTILE.INC(G4:G97, 2) = $15,656.25
 =QUARTILE.INC(G4:G97, 3) = $27,593.75
 =QUARTILE.INC(G4:G97, 4) = $127,500.00

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 Statistical Methods for Summarizing Data

Example 3.21 Constructing a Cross-Tabulation

 Sales Transactions database

Figure 3.35

 Identify the number (and percentage) of books

and DVDs ordered by region.
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 Statistical Methods for Summarizing Data
• Example 3.21 (continued) Constructing a
Cross-Tabulation

Table 3.1

Table 3.2

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 Statistical Methods for Summarizing Data
 Example 3.21 (continued) Constructing a Cross-Tabulation

Table 3.1

Figure 3.36

Excel’s PivotTable (covered next) makes this easy.

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 Exploring Data Using PivotTables

Data
Tables
PivotTable
Follow wizard steps.
PivotTables allow:
 Quick creation of
cross tabulations
 Numerous custom-
made summary
tables and charts
Figure 3.37

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 Exploring Data Using PivotTables

PivotTable Field List

Select the fields for:
 Report Filter
 Column Labels
 Row Labels
 Σ Values
Or, before choosing
PivotTable, you can
select a cell in the data
and let Excel prepare a
default PivotTable.
Figure 3.37

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 Exploring Data Using PivotTables

Example 3.22
Creating a
PivotTable
Default
PivotTable for
Regional Sales
by Product
(sum of CustID
is meaningless)
Figure 3.38
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 Exploring Data Using PivotTables

Example 3.22 (continued) Creating a PivotTable

Pivot Table Tools
Options
Active Field
Field Settings
 Change summarization
method in Value Field
Settings dialog box
 Select Count
Figure 3.39

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 Exploring Data Using PivotTables

Example 3.22 (continued) Creating a PivotTable

PivotTable for Count

of Regional Sales by
Product

Figure 3.40

PivotTable results
match those shown
earlier in Table 3.1.
Table 3.1

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 Exploring Data Using PivotTables
Example 3.22 (continued)
Creating a PivotTable

Drag Source into the

Row Labels box.

PivotTable for Sales

by Region, Product,
and Order Source

Figure 3.41

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 Exploring Data Using PivotTables

Example 3.23
Using the Pivot
Table Report Filter
Drag Payment into
Report Filter box.

PivotTable Filtered
by Payment Type.
Figure 3.42

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 Exploring Data Using PivotTables

Example 3.23 (continued)

Using the PivotTable Report Filter
Click on the drop-down arrow in row 1.
Choose Credit-Card.
Obtain this cross-tabulation
PivotTable for credit card
transactions.

Figure 3.43

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 Exploring Data Using PivotTables

Example 3.24 A PivotChart for Sales Data

Create a chart using the PivotTable for
Sales by Region, Product, and Order Source.
• Insert
• Column Chart
To display only Book
data, click on the
Product button and
deselect DVD.
Figure 3.44

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 Key Terms
• Area chart  Data profile (fractile)
• Bar chart  Descriptive statistics
• Bubble chart  Doughnut chart
• Column chart  Frequency distribution
• Contingency table  Histogram
• Cross-tabulation  kth percentile
• Cumulative relative  Line chart
frequency
 Ogive
• Cumulative relative
frequency distribution  Pareto analysis
 Pie chart
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 Key Terms (continued)
• PivotChart  Stock chart
• PivotTable  Surface chart
• Quartile
• Radar chart
• Relative frequency
• Relative frequency
distribution
• Scatter chart
• Statistic
• Statistics

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