OPTIMIZING DAYLIGHT STRATEGIES

WITH RESPECT TO
THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF BUILDINGS
SEMINAR - I

SEMINAR GUIDE –

(Prof.) Dr. V.K Paul. PRESENTED BY:-

Abhijit Rastogi.
SPA/NS/BEM/479.

DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT,

SCHOOL OF PLANNING & ARCHITECTURE, NEW DELHI.

CONTENTS -

CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION.
1.1 – Introduction.
1.2 – Need of the Study.
1.3 – Aim.
1.4 - Objectives.
1.5 - Scope & Limitations.
1.6 – Methodology.
CHAPTER 2 – LITERATURE REVIEW.
2.1 – Introduction.
2.2 – Codes & Standards.
2.3 – Published books, thesis and seminars.
CONTENTS -
CHAPTER 3 – DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIES.
3.1 – Introduction.
3.2 – Level of lighting requirement & comfort standard.
3.3 – Sources of Day lighting.
3.3.1 - Solar illumination.
3.3.2 - Sky radiation.
3.4 - Day lighting devices & strategies.
3.4.1 – Side Lighting Strategies.
3.4.1.1 - Low window.
3.4.1.2 - High window.
3.4.1.3 - Middle window.
3.4.1.4 - Shaped apertures & sloped glazing.
3.4.1.5 - Light shelves.
CONTENTS -
CHAPTER 3 – DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIES.
3.4.2 – Top Lighting Strategies.
3.4.2.1 - Skylights.
3.4.2.2 - Clerestories.
3.4.2.3 - Sun scoops & light scoops.
3.4.2.4 - Sun catcher baffles.
3.4.2.5 - Light tubes.
3.4.3 – Top Lighting Strategies.
3.4.3.1 - Courts.
3.4.3.2 - Atriums & Litriums.
3.4.3.3 - Light courts.
3.4.2.4 - Light wells.
CONTENTS -
CHAPTER 3 – DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIES.
3.5 - Factors affecting Day lighting & their thermal load implications.
3.5.1 – Solar angle.
3.5.2 – Climate, Location & Orientation.
3.5.3 – Site planning / building massing.
3.5.4 – Shading devices.
3.5.5 – Room sizes.
3.5.6 – Building shapes & layout.
CHAPTER 4 – ANALYSIS OF DAY LIGHTING
4.1 - Introduction.
4.2 - Day lighting prediction technique.
4.3 - The pepper pot diagram.
4.4 - The lumen method.
4.5 - CBRI Lux grid method.
CONTENTS -
CHAPTER 5 – ROLE OF GLAZING TECHNIQUES IN DAYLIGHTING
UTILIZATION.
5.1 - Introduction.
5.2 - Selection of Glazing.
5.3 - Importance – (a) Thermal.
(b) Day lighting.
CHAPTER 6 – CASE STUDY. 6.4 – Summary.
6.1 - Introduction. 6.5 – Analysis results.
6.2 - Project Description
6.3 - Building Model (Details).
6.3.1 – Solar Position.
6.3.2 – Location Data.
6.3.3 – Hourly Climatic Data.
CONTENTS -
CHAPTER 7 – SIMULATES / MODEL A BUILDING WITH THE HELP OF REVIT &
ECOTECT FOR THE OPTIMAL LIGHTING REQUIREMENT
ALONG WITH OPTIMAL THERMAL PERFORMANCE.
7.1 - General.
7.2 - Methodology.
7.3 - Effect of design parameters.
7.3.1 – Variation with reference to ceiling height.

7.3.1.1 – OPTION 1 – Increase in ceiling height.

7.3.1.2 – OPTION 1 – Increase in ceiling height.

7.3.2 – Variation with reference to size of the openings.

7.3.2.1 – OPTION 1 – Use of 900 x 1200 mm Windows.

7.3.2.2 – OPTION 2 – USE OF 1500 X 1200 mm Windows.

7.3.3 – Variation with reference to materials.

CONTENTS -
CHAPTER 8 – CONCLUSION.
7.1 - Introduction.
7.2 - Recommendations.
7.3 - Future Scope of the study.
CHAPTER – 1 - INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION –

• Building sector- one of the largest consumer of energy.

• Day lighting provides - both energy savings and improved visual

comfort.

• In India - plentiful of daylight is available.

• Excessive use of day light creates glare and further increase the

thermal load.

• Day lighting strategies should be adopted to optimize it.

CHAPTER – 1 - INTRODUCTION

THE NEED –

• In an air conditioned office building, artificial lights consume 20 %

to 30 % of total electric load.

Source - Environmental Building Initiative for Greater Hyderabad —by
TERI and TVPL.

• Day lighting reduces lighting load as well as 40 – 45 % of thermal

load.

• DAYLIGHT = ENERGY SAVINGS + VISUAL COMFORT.

• Daylight increases productivity of occupants.

• Better integration of inside with outside.

CHAPTER – 1 - INTRODUCTION

THE AIM –

• TO STUDY :

• Day lighting Strategies.

• Factors affecting Day lighting and thermal performance.

• Day light analysis Techniques.

• Glazing Techniques.

• Integrate all of them together to reduce energy consumption.

CHAPTER – 1 - INTRODUCTION

THE OBJECTIVES –

• Identify the day lighting design parameters.

• Identify the factors which increase the use of day light without

affecting the thermal performance.

• Study the performance of different materials used in building.

• To suggest alternative measure in the case study selected.

CHAPTER – 1 - INTRODUCTION

THE METHODOLOGY –

• Define Aim, Objectives, Scope & Limitations.

• Literature review.

• Study of various factors affecting day lighting & thermal performance.

• Study day lighting strategies, quantification of day lighting, sources of day

lighting, thermal performance of different materials.

• Case study – Analysis of lighting performance with respect to thermal

performance.

• Provide an appropriate measure for the optimal day light & thermal performance

of the building by using different software’s.

CHAPTER – 2 - LITERATURE REVEIWS

CODES AND STANDARDS: –

• INDIAN STANDARDS – SP – 41:- Analysis of daylight, the appropriate sizes of

the openings, recommended daylight factors etc.

• ENERGY CONSERVATION BUILDING CODE (2007) :- About planning and

designing considerations for Building envelopes with respect to thermal comfort,

heat load, lighting load etc.

• HAND BOOK ON FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF BUILDINGS – BY

BIS:-

Gives knowledge about Energy conservation aspects for buildings.

• IS – 2440 – 1975, Guide for day lighting of building, BIS:- Minimum

CHAPTER – 2 - LITERATURE REVEIWS

PUBLISHED DATA: –

• Mannual of tropical housing & building – Koenigsberger, Orient

Longman.

• Climate Responsive Architecture – Arvind Krishan, Nick Baker, Simos

Yannas, S V Szokolay .

• Lighting Design Basics – Mark Karlen, James R. Benya.

CHAPTER – 2 - LITERATURE REVEIWS

UNPUBLISHED DATA: –

• Day light performance of multistoried office buildings in New Delhi –

Seminar Report – May’1989 - S.LAL.

• Assessment and evaluation of building envelope – Seminar Report -

May’ 2001 - Supreet Matharoo.

• Application of simulation tools for building passive energy

performance evaluation – Thesis – May’ 2004 - Abhishek Mimani.

• Use of glass in buildings – Seminar Report – May’1998 – Arijit Das.

CHAPTER – 3 - DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIES
INTRODUCTION: –

• Reduced energy consumption of the building.

• Increased visual comfort levels.

REQUIREMENTS AND STANDARDS: –

• Correct Amount Of Light For Any Task Is Determined By :-

• Characteristics of the task .

• The speed and accuracy necessary in the performance of work.

• The ease and comfort of working – long and sustained tasks must be done

easily whereas workers can make a special effort for tasks of very short

duration.
CHAPTER – 3 - DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIES
RECOMMENDED VALUES : –

S.No. Visual task Illumination Lux

1 Entrance halls & reception areas. 150

2 Conference Room, General office. 300
3 Drawing 350
4 Corridors and Lift Cars. 70
5 Stairs. 100
6 Lift Loadings. 125
CHAPTER – 3 - DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIES
ACTIVITY BASED CLASSIFICATION : –

• Different activities need different amounts of light.

• Corridor needs less than working area.

Illumination Type of Space
Category
CRITICAL VISUAL

1. Corridor and lift core.

ILLUMINATION
DECREASING
2. Stairs.
INCREASE IN

LEVEL OF
3. Lift landing and reception area.
TASK

4. General office.

5. Conference room.

6. Drawing Office.
CHAPTER – 3 - DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIES
SOURCES OF DAYLIGHTING :–

• SOLAR ILLUMINATION .

• SKY RADIATION .

• Solar illumination shall not be considered only sky radiation illuminates a

building during day.

• Sky radiation is the diffused sunlight in atmosphere.

• Relative amount of sky radiation depends upon the position of sun defined

by its altitude which in turn varies with the latitude of the locality, the day

of the year and the time of the day.

CHAPTER – 3 - DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIES
DAYLIGHTING DEVICES AND STRATEGIES :–

• SIDE LGHTING FOR VIEWS AND LIGHT.

• Narrow buildings have brighter interiors wider building gets darker

towards the centre.

• May be prevented by high

ceilings and light redirecting devices.

CHAPTER – 3 - DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIES
LOCATION OF LIGHT SOURCES :–

• LOW WINDOWS.

• Most uniform illumination.

• Distributes light deep into room.

• Effectively place the light source near or

below eye level maximizing potential glare

for nearby work performed at desk-top

level.

• Contrast with unlit upper wall and adjacent

ceiling may seem gloomy.

CHAPTER – 3 - DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIES
LOCATION OF LIGHT SOURCES :–

• HIGH WINDOWS.

• Deepest penetration of sidelight from direct,

diffuse sources and less light near the window.

• Providing light with privacy and improved security.

• Permit the highest efficiency of comfortable reflected sunlight.

• Provide less favorable light distribution to the ceiling

from ground-reflected light.

• Maximize the potential for glare from sky and sun and the view is likely

to be less than satisfactory.

CHAPTER – 3 - DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIES
LOCATION OF LIGHT SOURCES :–

• SHAPED APERTURES AND SLOPED

GLAZING.

• PULLING GLAZING SILL IN (OVERBITE) - Similar

in to overhangs , Favors ground-reflected light.

• SLOPING THE SILL OUT (GREENHOUSE-TYPE”)

- favors light from the sky, Best for shady sides and

overcast skies.

• SLOPING THE SILL AWAY - Minimizes glare from

the sunlit sill and increases the collection of ground-

CHAPTER – 2 - DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIES

TOP LIGHTING

STRATEGIES :–

• Freedom to place natural

light sources wherever

illumination is desired .

• Diffused light distribution from top lighting apertures increases

in uniformity with increased ceiling height.

CHAPTER – 3 - DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIES
TOP LIGHTING STRATEGIES :–

• SKYLIGHTS .

• Horizontal skylights favor overhead light,

• Performance is independent of orientation but depends

on altitude.

• Placed almost anywhere on any roof .

• Very Low Initial Cost.

• Perform poorly in temperate and frigid climates .

• Create glare problems.

CHAPTER – 3 - DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIES
TOP LIGHTING STRATEGIES :–

• SUN SCOOPS.

• Receive direct sunlight, skylight as well as roof-

reflected light.

• Better than windows for controlling the potential the

glare of low-angle sunlight.

• Various combinations of overhang, wide sill (light

shelf), and beam can be balanced to provide necessary

cut-off angle for sun scoops

CHAPTER – 3 - DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIES
TOP LIGHTING STRATEGIES :–

• LIGHT SCOOPS.

• Receiving sky light and roof-reflected light.

• Provide lowest & steadiest light levels with minimum annual heat gain .

• SUN CATCHER BAFFLES

• An exterior device that converts direct

sunlight to indirect sunlight .

• Provide both shading and redirection on east

and west exposures.

CHAPTER – 3 - DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIES
TOP LIGHTING STRATEGIES :–

• LIGHT TUBES.

• Used for transporting or distributing natural light.

• Offer better heat insulation properties and more

flexibility.

• Relatively small size and high light output .

• Have an ideal Application to security oriented situations, and other locations

where restricted access is required.

CHAPTER – 3 - DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIES
TOP LIGHTING STRATEGIES :–

LIGHT OUTPUT PERFORMANCE

• LIGHT TUBES.
CHAPTER – 3 - DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIES

TOP LIGHTING STRATEGIES :–

Courts Light Wells Light Courts Litrium Atrium

Light admitted into litria should be directed into work

spaces rather than to the floor.

CHAPTER – 3 - DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIES

FACTORS AFFECTING DAYLIGHT/ THERMAL LOAD IMPLICATIONS :

• SOLAR ANGLE - Measured between the horizon and the position of the

sun above the horizon .

• LATITUDE, ORIENTATION, CLIMATE .

• THREE BASIC SKY CONDITIONS –

• Clear sky - less than 30 % cloud cover.

• Partly cloudy - 30-70% cover.

• Overcast sky - 100% cover.

CHAPTER – 3 - DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIES

FACTORS AFFECTING DAYLIGHT/ THERMAL LOAD IMPLICATIONS :

• SITE PLANNING/BUILDING MASSING.

• SHADING DEVICES.
CHAPTER – 3 - DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIES

FACTORS AFFECTING DAYLIGHT/ THERMAL LOAD IMPLICATIONS :

• ROOM SIZES.
–
• In the rooms with unilateral openings (I.E.

Windows on only one side), illumination

levels at the end of the room opposite the

windows are reduced as room depth ‘D’ is

increased.

• To achieve effective distribution of light

from unilateral day lighting, Room depth

should not exceed about 2.5 h.

CHAPTER – 4 - ANALYSIS OF DAYLIGHTING

INTRODUCTION: –
• DAYLIGHT FACTOR.
DF. = EI/EO X 100 %.

• The magnitude of components

contributing to daylight depends on–

• Sky Component.

• External Reflected Component. (IRC)

• Internal Reflected Component. (ERC)

CHAPTER – 4 - ANALYSIS OF DAYLIGHTING

DAYLIGHTING PREDICTION TECHNIQUE: –

• The SC and ERC are found by

using the daylight protectors,

while IRC is calculated with

the help of a set of nomograms.

CHAPTER – 4 - ANALYSIS OF DAYLIGHTING

DAYLIGHTING PREDICTION TECHNIQUE: –

CHAPTER – 4 - ANALYSIS OF DAYLIGHTING

DAYLIGHTING PREDICTION TECHNIQUE: –

CHAPTER – 4 - ANALYSIS OF DAYLIGHTING

DAYLIGHTING PREDICTION TECHNIQUE: –

PEPPER POT DIAGRAM METHOD : –

• Here the direct component of the daylight factor can be obtained by

counting the dots that fall within the contours of the projection.
 PEPPER POT DIAGRAM METHOD : –

• The great advantage of this

Kind of diagram is that the

Density of the dots

accounts For the non-

linearity of the

Illumination, so that

Projections can be made

Without deformations.
CHAPTER – 4 - ANALYSIS OF DAYLIGHTING
SPLIT FLUX METHOD : -
Illumination Ratio =

D [%] = EP/ Eh = sum of: Ep. from visible sky portion

Eh. From whole sky
Direct (sky) component: SC

Externally reflected component: ERC

Internally reflected component: IRC

IRC = 0.85 W (CRfw. + 10Rcw)

A (1-R)
CHAPTER – 5 - ROLE OF GLAZING TECHNIQUES
WINDOW FUNCTIONS –
 CHAPTER – 5 - ROLE OF GLAZING TECHNIQUES
SOLAR GAINS: SHGC or g-value (-) through glazing -

• It is the ratio of total transmitted solar heat to incident solar energy, typically

ranging from 0.9 to 0.1.

 CHAPTER – 5 - ROLE OF GLAZING TECHNIQUES
U-Value (W/m2·K, Btu/h·ft2·°F) U = 1/R,

R-Value is the resistance

to heat flow
• Heat transfer due to °T difference .
 SELECTION OF GLAZING:-

• Calculate the predicted window-to-wall ratio (WWR) -

Net glazing area / Gross exterior wall area = WWR

• Make a preliminary glazing selection and note the visible

transmittance (VT).-
 SELECTION OF GLAZING:-

• Estimate the obstruction factor (OF). –

 SELECTION OF GLAZING:-

• Calculate the feasibility factor. –

WWR X VT X OF = Feasibility Factor

FEASIBILITY FACTOR = 0.25,

day lighting has the potential for significant energy savings.

FEASIBILITY FACTOR < 0.25,

then consider removing obstructions, increasing window area, or
increasing VT.
 DETERMINING REQUIRED NET GLAZING AREA:-

• Total Area of Interior Surfaces- Add up total surface area of walls, ceiling, and

floor.

• Area-Weighted Average Reflectance. Ratio between 0 and 1. Add up total surface

area of walls, ceiling, floor, windows, partitions, and furniture, and calculate

weighted average reflectance or use 0.5 as default.

 DETERMINING REQUIRED NET GLAZING AREA:-

Visible Transmittance. Use:

• 0.70 For small windows.

• 0.50 For medium windows.
• 0.30 For large windows.

Clear Glass Tinted Glass Heavily Tinted or Reflective

WWR = 0.30 WWR = 0.50 WWR = 0.70
High VT = 0.88 Medium VT = 0.53 Low VT = 0.38

Effective Aperture (EA) is visible transmittance (VT) x window-to-wall ratio

(WWR). These three windows all have the same EA of 0.26.
 CHAPTER – 6 – CASE STUDY

INTRODUCTION –

• The selected building is the office building of Airport Authority of India at

Safdarjung, New Delhi.

 CHAPTER – 6 – CASE STUDY

SOLAR POSITION –
HOURLY CLIMATIC DATA:-
 CHAPTER – 6 – CASE STUDY
HOURLY CLIMATIC DATA:-

Hottest Day (Peak) : 29th May.

Hottest Day (Average) : 30th June.
Coldest Day (Peak) : 1st Jan.
Coldest Day (Average) : 1st Jan.
Brightest Sunny Day : 7th April.
Most Overcast Day : 8th Jan.

DAY LIGHTING ANALYSIS:-

• Parameters for Daylight Calculation:-

• Design Sky Illuminance = 8000 lux

• Work plane Height = 600 mm

• Window cleanliness factor = Average

 DAY LIGHTING ANALYSIS:-

• Daylight Factor (DF):- The average value of Daylight Factor (DF) observed is – 3.56

%
 DAY LIGHTING ANALYSIS:-

• Sky Component (SC):-The average value of Sky Component (SC) observed is - 1.23

%.
 DAY LIGHTING ANALYSIS:-

• Externally Reflected Component (ERC):- The average value of Externally Reflected

Component (ERC) observed is: - 1.60%

 DAY LIGHTING ANALYSIS:-

• Internally Reflected Component (IRC):- The average value of Internally Reflected

Component (IRC) observed is: - 2.10 %

 DAY LIGHTING ANALYSIS:-

• Daylight Levels:- The average value of Daylight Level observed is: - 350.21 lux
 DAY LIGHTING ANALYSIS:-

• Daylight Autonomy:- The average value of Daylight Autonomy for 500 lux is: -

87.37 %
 CHAPTER – 6 – CASE STUDY
DAY LIGHTING ANALYSIS:-

• SUMMARY OF RESULTS:-

• Overall, the daylight available inside the workspace is sufficient and satisfies

uniform levels of even 500 Lux for 87.37 % of the time throughout the year.

• The greatest contribution to the DF is from the IRC.

 CHAPTER – 6 – CASE STUDY
THERMAL ANALYSIS:-

• Parameters for Thermal Analysis:-

Occupancy per Floor : 25
Occupancy Activity Level : Sedentary.
HVAC System : Full air-conditioning.
CHAPTER – 6 – CASE STUDY

THERMAL ANALYSIS:-

• Hourly Temperatures

Hourly Temperature Profile on January 1st (average coldest day)

CHAPTER – 6 – CASE STUDY

THERMAL ANALYSIS:-

• Hourly Temperatures

Hourly Temperature Profile on June 30th (average hottest day)

CHAPTER – 6 – CASE STUDY

THERMAL ANALYSIS:-

• Hourly Temperatures
Zone : Floor
Floor Area : 658.050 m²
Total Surface Area : 1636.447 m² (248.5% flr area).
Total Exposed Area : 977.941 m² (148.5% flr area).
Total South Window : 21.758 m² (3.3% flr area).
Total Window Area : 93.984 m² (14.3% flr area).
Total Conductance : 1221 W/°K
Total Admittance : 5694 W/°K
CHAPTER – 6 – CASE STUDY
THERMAL ANALYSIS:-
Hourly Heat / Gain loss chart on January 1st (average
• Hourly Heat Gains / Loss coldest day)
CHAPTER – 6 – CASE STUDY
THERMAL ANALYSIS:-
Hourly Heat / Gain loss chart on June 30th (average
• Hourly Heat Gains / Loss hottest day)
CHAPTER – 6 – CASE STUDY

THERMAL ANALYSIS:-

• Monthly Loads / Discomfort

THERMAL ANALYSIS:-

• Monthly Loads / Discomfort

THERMAL ANALYSIS:-

• Cumulative Incident Solar Radiation (Insolation):-

• Insolation refers to Incident Solar Radiation and represents the amount of

radiation incident on a point or surface over a specified period.

THERMAL ANALYSIS:-

• Cumulative Incident Solar Radiation (Insolation):-

• Work plane height of 600mm.

• Working Hours – 9 am – 6 pm.

• Loads -

• The average yearly heating load (per m²) is 10.032 kWh/m²

• The average yearly cooling load (per m²) is 106.684 kWh/m²

 CHAPTER – 7 – SIMULATE/ MODEL A BUILDING WITH THE HELP OF
REVIT & ECOTECT FOR THE OPTIMAL LIGHTING REQUIREMENT
ALONG WITH OPTIMAL THERMAL PERFORMANCE.

INTRODUCTION –

• The main objective is to assess the significance of each input parameter, since this

analysis compares changes in output with changes in input.

METHODOLOGY –

• Step 1: Identification of parameters to be considered for analyses.

• Step 2: Formulation of various options with respect to the base case building for

different scenarios under each of the parameters considered.

• Step 3: Carrying out the analysis for all the options.

• Step 4: Impact assessment of all the options.

• Step 5: Comparing results for all the options and select the best option.

• Step 6: Deriving inferences.

EFFECT OF DESIGN PARAMETERS:-

• Variation with reference to ceiling height: -

• OPTION 1 – Increase in ceiling height: - The option would

consider the building height changed from 3 m. to 4.5 m.

• OPTION 2 – Decrease in ceiling height: - The option would

consider the building height changed from 3 m. to 2.7 m.

• Variation with reference to size of openings: -

• OPTION 1 – USE OF 900 X 1200 mm Windows.

• OPTION 2 – USE OF 1500 X 1200 mm Windows.

EFFECT OF DESIGN PARAMETERS:-

• Variation with reference to materials:-

SUMMARY OF ANALYSES RESULTS :-

• The key parameters undertaken for comparison are:-

• Glazing Ratio.

• Daylight Factor.

• Daylight Level.

• Average Yearly Heating Load.

• Average Yearly Heating Load per m².

• Average Yearly Cooling Load.

• Average Yearly Cooling Load per m².

• Cumulative Insolation.
SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS :-

• The following observations were made:-

• The existing building with its highest glazing ratio provided the maximum

amount of natural light. This also created the problem of unwanted heat gain.

• The option of Use of Windows - 900mm x 1200 mm with its least glazing

ratio still provided sufficient quantity of daylight in spite of its relative worst-

case scenario.

• The option of Windows - 900mm x 1200 mm was the most efficient in

reducing the cumulative insolation (by 9%). Amongst the various alternatives

change in building materials gives the best result.

CHAPTER – 7 – CONCLUSION
RECOMMENDATIONS –

• It is observed from the analysis results, that in the middle of a building the

daylight level is very less, so it is recommended to make the building plans

width not more than 30 -35 m.

• The openings provided should be properly integrated with the shading

devices in order to reduce the direct sunlight.

• The building envelope material selection should be based upon their thermal

properties, reflectivity index etc. which helps a lot in reducing the energy

load.
 CHAPTER – 7 – CONCLUSION
RECOMMENDATIONS –

• It is observed that increase in ceiling height increase the comfort level as the

ventilation and air movement starts more effectively but as the volume of the room

increases so, we required more cooling load.

FUTURE SCOPE OF THE PROJECT: –

• Analysis of energy usage characteristics for different locations and building types,

and formulation of an energy compliance code.

• Simulation of HVAC systems using specialized HVAC simulation software.

• Analysis for energy savings.

THANK YOU