Prepared by

Dr.Nazish Shaukat
DPT (KMU,IPM&R)
MSPT(KMU,IPM&R)
Muscular System Functions
 Body movement
 Maintenance of posture
 Respiration
 Production of body heat
 Communication
 Constriction of organs and vessels
 Heart beat
Muscle Tissue Types
 There are three types of muscle tissue…..
1)Skeletal muscles
2)Smooth muscles
3)Cardiac muscles
Skeletal Muscles
 Skeletal
 Attached to bones
 Nuclei multiple and peripherally located
 Also called as Striated,Striped,Somatic and Voluntary
muscles
Smooth Muscles
 Smooth
 Walls of hollow organs, blood vessels, eye, glands, skin
 Single nucleus centrally located
 Not striated, involuntary, gap junctions in visceral smooth
Cardiac Muscles
 Cardiac
 Heart
 Single nucleus centrally located
 Striations, involuntary, intercalated disks
Skeletal Muscle Anatomy

 Muscle fibers can range from 10 to 80 micrometers in
diameter and may be up to 35cm long
 Each muscle fiber contains hundreds to thousands of
Myofibrils.
 These are bundles of Actin and Myosin proteins
which run the length of the muscle fiber and are
important in muscle contraction.
 Sarcolemma is the cell membrane and beneath this is
the Sarcoplasm, which is the cells cytoplasm, a
gelatinous fluid which fills most cells.
 Mitochondria which are the cells powerhouses, inside
which the cells energy is produced.
 Glycogen and fats are sources of energy
 Surrounding the Myofibril there is a network of
tubules and channels called the Sarcoplasmic
Reticulum in which Calcium is stored which is
important in muscle contraction. Transverse tubules
pass inwards from the Sacrolemma throughout the
Myofibril, through which nerve impulses travel.
 Individual muscle fibres are wrapped with fascia and
then further bound together into bundles called
fascicules. These bundles of fascicles are then
grouped together.
 Fascia is simply a type of connective tissue which
provides a protective wrapping. Fascia gets thicker as
it nears the surface of muscle and ultimately coats the
entire muscle and eventually becomes the tendon that
attaches muscle to bone.
 Each Fasciculi contains anywhere between 10 and 100
muscle fibres, depending on the muscle.
 Quadriceps muscle….????
 Small muscles of hands…???
 A large strong muscle, such Quadriceps would have a
large number of fibers within each bundle. A smaller
muscle used for precision movement, such as those in
the hand would contain far fewer fibres per Fasciculi
Skeletal Muscle

 Fasciculi, which are surrounded by another connective

tissue, called the Perimysium..

 the muscle is covered in a layer of connective muscle

tissue known as the Epimysium. The Epimysium
protects the muscle from friction against other
muscles and bones.
 Endomysium….????
PARTS OF A TYPICAL SKELETAL MUSCLE

 Ends:
 A typical skeletal muscle consists of two ends. These
are;
 Origin is one end of the muscle which remains fixed
during its contraction.
 Insertion is the other end which moves during its
contraction. In the limb muscles, the origin is usually
proximal to insertion
PARTS OF A TYPICAL SKELETAL MUSCLE
 A typical skeletal muscle consists of two parts. These
are;
1. Fleshy part is contractile, and is called the ‘belly’, The
belly, is red in color.
2. the fibrous part is white in color ,fibrous part can be
tendon , can be aponeurosis. The difference in color
makes it easy to differentiate the active contractile
area of the muscle from the non-contractile part.
Classification of skeletal muscle
 According to function
 According to fascicular architecture
According to function
 Agonist
 Antagonist
 Synergists
 Fixators
Skeletal Muscle Action
 Agonist/Prime mover
 Prime mover: A muscle is a prime mover when it
is the chief muscle or member of a chief group of
muscles responsible for a particular movement. For
example, the quadriceps femoris is a prime mover in
the movement of extending the knee joint
Antagonist
 Antagonist: Any muscle that opposes the action of
the prime mover is an antagonist. For example, the
tricep opposes the action of the bicep when the elbow
joint is flexed, before a prime mover can contract, the
antagonist muscle must be equally relaxed;
Fixator
 Fixator: A fixator contracts isometrically (i.e.,
contraction increases the tone but does not in itself
produce movement) to stabilize the origin of the
prime mover so that it can act efficiently.
 For example, the muscles attaching the shoulder
girdle to the trunk contract as fixators to allow the
deltoid to act on the shoulder joint.
Synergist
 Synergist: In many locations in the body, the prime
mover
muscle crosses several joints before it reaches the joint at
which its main action takes place. To prevent unwanted
movements in an intermediate joint, groups of muscles
called synergists contract and stabilize the intermediate
joints. For example, the flexor and extensor muscles of
the carpus contract to fix the wrist joint, and this allows
the long flexor and the extensor muscles of the fingers to
work efficiently
Types of muscle contraction
Types of muscle contraction
 There are two main types of muscle contraction:
 Isometric (length remain same)
also called as Static type of muscle contraction.
 Isotonic (length changes)

 Isotonic types of muscle work have two types:

1)Concentric
2)Eccentric
Isometric
 Isometric exercise or isometrics are a type of strength
training in which the joint angle and muscle length
do not change during contraction.
Isotonic contractions
 There are two types of isotonic contractions:
 (1) Concentric and
 (2) Eccentric.
In a concentric contraction, the muscle tension rises
to meet the resistance, then remains the same as the
muscle shortens. In eccentric, the muscle lengthens
due to the resistance being greater than the force the
muscle is producing
ACCORDING TO FASCICULAR
ARCHITECTURE
A. Parallel fasciculi
B. Oblique fasciculi
C. Spiral or twisted fasciculi
Parallel fasciculi
 The muscle fasciculi are arranged parallel to the line of
pull. This type of muscles are more concerned to the
movements. The muscles can be ;
I. Quadrilateral (thyrohyoid)
II. Strap like (sartorius)
III. Strap like with tendinous intersections (rectus abdominis)
IV. Fusiform (digastric and biceps femoris)
Oblique fasciculi
 In these muscles, muscle fasciculi are arranged
obliquely to the line of pull. These muscles are more
powerful than muscles with parallel fasciculi.
 These muscles can be;
I. Triangular ( temporalis)
II. Unipennate (extensor digitorum longus)
III. Bipennate ( rectus femoris)
IV. Multipennate (deltoid)
V. Circumpennate (tibialis anterior)
Spiral fasciculi
 Spiral fibers are found in trapezius, pectoralis major,
latissmus dorsi etc.
 In cruciate muscles, fasciculi are crossed
Nomenclature of Muscles or
Naming of Skeletal Muscles
 Individual muscles are named according to their
shape,size, number of heads or bellies, position,
depth, attachments,or actions.
 The muscles have been named in a number of ways.
 According to their shape, e.g. trapezius, rhomboideus,
serratus anterior, latissimus dorsi, etc.
 According to the number of heads of origin, e.g.
biceps, triceps, quadriceps, digastric, etc.
 According to their gross structure, e.g.
semitendinosus, semi-‘membranosus, etc.
 According to their location, e.g. temporalis, supra-
spinatus, intercostalis.
 According to their attachments, e.g. stylohyoid,
cricothyroid, etc.
 According to their action, e.g. adductor longus, flexor
carpi ulnaris, abductor pollicis longus, etc.
 According to direction of their fibers, e.g. rectus
abdominis, transversus abdominis, orbicularis oculi.
 A muscle with two bellies with an intervening tendon is
called digastric muscle. Muscle with number of
intervening tendons or intersections is the rectus
abdominis.
 The muscles that extend over two or more joints are called
diarthric or polyarthric muscles, e.g. flexor carpi radialis
and flexor digitorum profundus.
trapezius
Nerve Supply of Skeletal Muscle
 The nerve trunk to a muscle is a mixed nerve, about
60% is motor and 40% is sensory, and it also contains
some sympathetic autonomic fibers. The nerve enters
the muscle at about the midpoint called motor point.
This arrangement allows the muscle to move with
minimum interference with the nerve trunk.
What are the three types of skeletal
muscle fibre
 1. Slow twitch fibres (Type I): Slow twitch fibres
contract slowly but can contract repeatedly over long
periods. They have a good blood supply, hence they
are ‘red fibres’, and are suited to endurance activity
using the aerobic energy system which relies on
oxygen from the blood for the supply of energy.
 Slow twitch fibres are smaller and develop less force
than fast twitch fibres. Walking or cycling for 30
minutes at low intensity would use mostly slow twitch
fibres.
 2. Fast twitch fibres (Type IIa): Fast twitch IIa fibres
have a fast contraction speed and can use aerobic
(oxygen dependant) energy sources as well as
anaerobic (no oxygen used) energy sources. Fast
twitch IIa fibres are ‘white fibres’ as they are less
reliant on oxygen supplied by the blood for energy and
therefore fatigue faster than slow twitch fibres.
 Fast twitch type IIa fibres are suited to speed, strength
and power type activities, such as moderately heavy
weight training (8-12 reps) and fast running events
such as the 400metres.
 3. Fast twitch fibres (Type IIb): Fast twitch IIb
fibres contract extremely rapidly, create very forceful
muscle contractions and fatigue quickly. Fast twitch
IIb fibres are also ‘white fibers’ but unlike IIa fibres
they can only use anaerobic energy sources.
 Like type IIa fibres the fast twitch type IIb fibres are
also suited to speed, strength and power type
activities. Heavy weight training (1-3 reps), power
lifting, and 100metre sprints are examples of activities
that predominantly require IIb fibres.
Thank You
Assignment….???
1)Paralysis
2)Muscular Spam
3)Diuse atropy and hypertropy
4)Regeneration of skeletal muscles
5)Hyperplasia
6)Myasthenia gravis
7)Polymyositis
8)Fibrillation
9)Angina pectoris
10)Myocardial Ischemia