KT1822

The journey continues..

 Last week..
• Refrigerators and heat pumps
• COPs
• The Clausius statement
• Carnot cycle

Today..
• Chapter 6 - Entropy
Introducing:
Clausius Inequality
Q
 0
T
• The symbol  indicates that the integration is
performed over the entire cycle
• Any heat transfer to or from a system can be
considered to consist of differential amounts of
heat transfer
• The cyclic integral gives the sum of all the
differential amounts of heat transfer divided by the
absolute temperature at the boundary
• Valid for all cycles – reversible or irreversible
• The integral is always less than or equal to zero
 Development of the Clausius
inequality
Total work of Change in total
combined system energy of combined
system

WC  QR  dEC

WC  Wrev  Wsys
QR Q

TR T
Q
WC  TR  dEC
T
The system undergoes a cycle and the
cyclic device undergoes an integral number
of cycles
Q
WC  TR T
 Q
WC  TR 
T
• The combined system is exchanging heat
with a single thermal energy reservoir while
involving work WC during a cycle.
• On the basis of the Kelvin Planck statement,
WC can not be a work output, can not be a
+ve quantity
• TR is an absolute temperature and thus a
+ve quantity, we must have
Q
 0 Clausius Inequality
T
If no irreversibilities occur within the system as well as the
reversible cyclic device, the cycle is internally reversible.
In the reversed cycle, all magnitudes are the same but with the
opposite sign. WC now can not be a –ve quantity.
Thus WC, int rev = 0.

 Q 
  0
 T int rev
 Entropy
 Q 
  0
 T int rev

• We have a quantity whose cyclic integral is zero.

• The cyclic integral of work or heat is not zero.
• E.g. for a reversible piston cylinder system: at the
end of a cycle, the volume returns to its initial
value. The net volume change is zero.
 dV  0
• The cyclic integral of a property is zero. The
quantity (Q/T)int rev must represent a property in
the differential form.
 Entropy
• Designated S and defined as
 Q 
dS    (kJ / K )
 T int rev
• The entropy change of a system during a process
can be determined by
 Q 
S  S2  S1  1  
2 (kJ / K )
T  int rev

• Need to know relation between Q and T during a

process, often unavailable.
• Rely on tabulated data
 Entropy

• Entropy is a property, it has fixed values at

fixed states
• Entropy change between two specified
states is the same no matter what path is
followed during the process
Isothermal Heat Transfer Processes
• Isothermal heat transfer processes are internally
reversible
2 Q 2
1 2 Q
 
S  ( )int rev  ( )int rev 
1 T 1 T0 T0 1 
(Q)int rev

Q
S  (kJ / K )
T0
• T0 is the constant absolute temperature of the
system and Q is the heat transfer for the process
• Entropy change can be +ve or –ve depending on
the direction of heat transfer
• Heat transfer to a system increases S, heat transfer
from a system decreases S
The Increase in Entropy Principle
• Consider a cycle which
is made up of two
processes
Q
 0
T
2 Q  Q 
1  21   0
T  T int rev
2 Q
1  S1  S 2  0
T
Q
S1  S 2  12
T
Q
dS 
T
 The Increase in Entropy Principle
Q
dS 
T
• The entropy change of a closed
system during an irreversible
process is greater than the integral
Q/T for the process  entropy is
generated or created during an
irreversible process (due to
irreversibilities in the process)
• For the reversible process, the
quantities become equal
 Entropy Generation
• The difference between the entropy change of a closed
system and the entropy transfer is equal to the entropy
generation
Q
S sys  S1  S 2  12  S gen
T

• Sgen is always +ve or zero, depending on the process

• For an isolated system, the heat transfer is zero thus
Sisolated  0

• The entropy of an isolated system during a process always

increases or for a reversible process remains constant,
entropy never decreases  increase of entropy principle
 Entropy
• An extensive property
– total entropy of a
system is made up of
the sum of the
entropies of the parts of
the system

A system and its surroundings can be viewed as two

subsystems of an isolated system.
The entropy change during a process is the sum of the
entropy changes of the system and its surroundings =
entropy generated (since there is no entropy transfer)
Sgen = Stotal = Ssys + Ssurr  0
Since no actual process is truly reversible, some
entropy will always be generated during a process
(the entropy of the universe is continuously
increasing!)
The more irreversible the process, the larger the
entropy generated during that process.
 Entropy
• The increase in entropy principle says that
entropy generated cannot be negative but
the entropy change can be negative.
0 Irreversible process
S gen 0 Re versible process
0 Im possible process
 About entropy
• Processes can occur in certain directions only – in
the direction that complies with the increase in
entropy principle, Sgen0
• Entropy is a non conserved property. Only
conserved during the idealized reversible process
and increases during all actual processes
• Entropy generation is a measure of the magnitudes
of irreversibilities present during a process
Entropy change of pure substances

• Entropy
values are
relative to
an arbitrary
reference
state e.g. sf
at 0.01OC is
zero.
Schematic of the T-
s diagram for
water.
 Isentropic processes
• Entropy of a fixed mass can be changed by
heat transfer and irreversibilities
• A process during which entropy remains
constant is called an isentropic process
(internally reversible and adiabatic)

Isentropic process: s = 0 or s1 = s2 (kJ/kg.K)

 Property diagrams

On a T-S diagram, the area

For adiabatic steady flow
under the process curve
devices, the vertical
represents the heat
distance h is a measure
transfer for internally
of work, the horizontal
reversible processes.
The isentropic process distance s is a measure of
appears as a vertical line irreversibilities on a h – s
on a T – s diagram diagram.
H – s diagram also called
Mollier diagram.
 What is entropy?

• A measure of molecular disorder or

molecular randomness
• As a system becomes more disordered, the
positions of the molecules become less
predictable and the entropy increases
• Entropy is lowest in the solid phase and
highest in the gas phase
 Today we looked at

Entropy

Next week:
finish up the last bit for our syllabus!
TEST CH5
1. A 200 W vacuum cleaner is powered by an electric motor whose
efficiency is 70%. (Note that the electric motor delivers 200 W of net
mechanical power to the fan of the cleaner). What is the rate at which
this vacuum cleaner supplies energy to the room when it is running?

2. A heat pump absorbs heat from the cold outdoors at 3C and supplies
heat to a house at 20C at a rate of 30,000 kJ/h. If the power consumed
by the heat pump is 3 kW, what is the coefficient of performance of the
heat pump?

3. A heat engine receives heat from a source at 800C and rejects the
waste heat to a sink at 40C. If heat is rejected from this engine at a rate
of 80 kJ/s, what is the maximum power this heat engine can produce?

4. A heat pump cycle is executed with R-134a under the saturation dome
between the pressure limits of 1.6 MPa and 0.2 MPa. If the power
consumption of the heat pump is 4.2 kW, what is the maximum rate of
heat supply to the heated space?

5. Consider a Carnot heat engine and a refrigerator operating between the

same two thermal energy reservoirs. If the thermal efficiency of the heat
engine is 0.70, the COP of the refrigerator is..