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Law of Friction: Surface Between Two Bodies Oppose Relative Motion

1) Friction is a force that acts between two surfaces in contact and opposes their relative motion. It has both static and kinetic components. 2) The maximum static frictional force that can occur without motion is called the limiting friction. It depends on the normal force of contact and the coefficient of friction between the surfaces. 3) The coefficient of friction is a property of the surfaces and varies with their material composition and conditions like wetness. It can be determined experimentally by finding the angle of inclination just before an object begins to slip.

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98 views11 pages

Law of Friction: Surface Between Two Bodies Oppose Relative Motion

1) Friction is a force that acts between two surfaces in contact and opposes their relative motion. It has both static and kinetic components. 2) The maximum static frictional force that can occur without motion is called the limiting friction. It depends on the normal force of contact and the coefficient of friction between the surfaces. 3) The coefficient of friction is a property of the surfaces and varies with their material composition and conditions like wetness. It can be determined experimentally by finding the angle of inclination just before an object begins to slip.

Uploaded by

eltytan
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Law of friction

Properties of frictional force


1. act along the surface between two bodies
2. act in a direction so as to oppose relative
motion of the surfaces.
1
Limiting friction

Applied
 If the block remains at rest,
force FA f = FA
 The frictional force to be
overcome before it moves
Frictional is called limiting friction.
force f

2
Limiting friction
FA / N f/N

Applied
0 0
force FA 1 1
2 2
Frictional 3 3
force f
4 3

Limiting friction = 3 N 5 3

3
Limiting friction

Applied f/N
force FA At rest Moving
3
2
Frictional 1
force f
0 1 2 3 4 5 FA / N
Limiting friction = 3 N
Static Kinetic
friction friction
4
Limiting friction
f/N
At rest Moving
•Kinetic / Dynamic friction is
3 the frictional force acting on
2 an object when it is moving.
1 •Static friction is the frictional
force when the object is
0 1 2 3 4 5 FA / N stationary.
Static Kinetic
friction friction

5
Friction f  From experiment, limiting
friction f is slightly greater
Static friction Kinetic friction than kinetic friction f’.

f i.e. f > f’
f’  Suppose f = 3.1 N, f’ = 3N
A force of 3.1 N is required to
make the block move.
Applied force F But once the block is moving,
a force of 3 N only is required
to keep the block moving.

For simplicity, take f = f’

6
Law of friction Normal
reaction N

Applied
force FA
Frictional force f

1. The limiting frictional force f is directly proportional to


the normal reaction N exerted by the surface.
i.e. f ∝ N or f = mN where m is a constant called
coefficient of limiting friction.
2. The kinetic frictional force f is directly proportional to
the normal reaction N exerted by the surface.
i.e. f’ ∝ N or f’ = m’N where m is a constant called
coefficient of kinetic friction.

For simplicity, take f = f’ = mN and m = m’


7
For simplicity, take f = f’ = mN and m = m’

 If the surface is smooth, m = 0 ⇒ f = 0 N


 Coefficient of friction depends on the two
contacting materials.

Rubber Concrete (Dry) m = 0.6 – 0.85

Rubber Concrete (Wet) m = 0.45 – 0.75

 Frictional force does not depend on the


area of contact of the surfaces.

8
A block of mass 2 kg starts from rest, sliding down a
rough inclined plane making an angle of 30o with the
horizontal. Length of plane is 8 m. It takes 4 seconds to
reach the bottom. Find the coefficient of kinetic friction.

 Solution:
 t = 4 s, s = 8 m, u = 0 ms-1 R
f a
By s = ut + ½ at2
8 = 0(4) + ½ a(4)2 8m
a = 1 ms-2
 mg sin 30o – f = ma
mg 30o
(2)(10)sin 30o – f = (2)(1)
f=8N
 R = mg cos 30o = 17.32 N
 By f = mR
8 = m(17.32)
m = 0.462 9
For the following situation, find the least coefficient of
friction between the ground and the ladder.

 N = 250 Newton
 Take moment about A,
S S x 4 sin 60o = 250 x 2 cos 60o
smooth

S = 72.17 Newton
N  f = S = 72.17 Newton
 The ladder is about to slip,
60o f = mN
72.17 = m x 250
f A
m = 0.289
250 N

10
How to find coefficient of limiting friction? p 22
 The coefficient of limiting friction, m, can be found by
placing the block on a surface and tilting the latter to an
angle q at which the block is just about to slip.
N  Along the plane:
f = mg sin q --- (1)
 Perpendicular to the plane:
N = mg cos q --- (2)
f  Since the block is just about to slip,
f = mN --- (3)
q  Sub (3) into (1):
mN = mg sin q --- (4)
mg
 (4)/(2):
m = tan q
Hence, the coefficient of limiting friction is just tan q.
11

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