Coded Defects

as per
Department Order No. 41, series 2016
(Amended Policy Guidelines on the Maintenance of National Roads and Bridges)
 Code 01
POTHOLE
Code Description / Associated Defects Unit Recommended Corrective Response
Measure / Treatment Time
01 POTHOLES sq.m. 3 Days
Any of the following defects can be recorded under Code 01:

Bowl-Shaped Depression in the pavement surface resulting

from the loss of wearing course or base materials; On bituminous pavement, bituminous
premix (hot) or penetration patching
Delamination - loss of a discreet area of the wearing course of the affected area; adding base
layer, due to poor bonding between the surface and lower materials, if needed, is included if no
layer. subgrade repair is required.

Slippage cracking - often occurs as a result of poor bonding

or adhesion between layers.
On concrete pavement, bituminous
Edge Break - edge of the bituminous surface is fretted, premix (hot) or penetration patching.
broken or irregular.

Spalling - breakdown or disintegration of slab surface at

edges, joints, corners or cracks (spalls > 50mm wide,
measured from the face of the joint or crack, with loss of
material, or broken into two or more pieces).

Chuck-hole or Punch out, a depressed or broken part of a

slab resulting from pavement cracking and disintegration of
concrete.
BOWL-SHAPED DEPRESSION
Bowl-shaped depression in the pavement surface resulting from the loss of wearing course or base materials
DELAMINATION
Loss of a discreet area of a wearing course layer due to poor bonding between the surface and the lower layer.
SLIPPAGE CRACKING
It often occurs as a result of poor bonding or adhesion between layers
EDGE BREAK
Chipping or breaking occurs at the corner or edge side of the pavement with depression or removal of pavement
surface.
SPALLING
Breakdown or disintegration of slab surface at edges, joints, corners or cracks (spalls≥ 50mm wide, measured from
the face of the joint or crack, with loss of material, or broken into two or more pieces)
CHUCK-HOLE or PUNCH-OUT
A depressed or broken part of a slab resulting from pavement cracking or disintegration of concrete
 Code 02
ALLIGATOR CRACK
Code Description / Associated Defects Unit Recommended Corrective Response
Measure / Treatment Time

ALLIGATOR CRACKS
02 Interconnected or interlaced cracks forming a series of small sq.m. Bituminous premix (hot) or 3 Days
penetration patching; adding base
polygons resembling an alligator hide.
materials, if needed, is included if no
subgrade repair is required.
ALLIGATOR CRACK
 Code 03
MAJOR SCALING
Code Description / Associated Defects Unit Recommended Corrective Response
Measure / Treatment Time

MAJOR SCALING
03 sq.m. Re-blocking of Slabs 30 Days
Deterioration of the upper concrete slab surface of more
than 10 mm affecting the whole slab.
MAJOR SCALING
 Code 04
SHOVING &
CORRUGATION
Code Description / Associated Defects Unit Recommended Corrective Response
Measure / Treatment Time
04 SHOVING & CORRUGATION sq.m. 10 Days

Shoving - bulging of the road surface generally parallel to Half or full width replacement of
the direction of traffic and/or horizontal displacement of defective pavement. Frequent
surfacing materials, mainly in the direction of traffic where recurrence of the defect in a section
braking or acceleration movement occur. must be investigated to determine a
more appropriate intervention such
Corrugation - refers to transverse undulations, closely and as:
regularly spaced, with wavelength of less than 2 meters.
(a) Program road section for
Rutting - often occurs as a result of poor bonding or reconstruction;
adhesion between layers.
(b) Based on engineering judgment,
Depressions - localized area within the pavement with consider removal and replacement of
elevations lower than the surrounding area. May not be the affected area.
confined to wheel paths and could extend across several
wheel paths.
SHOVING
is the bulging of the road surface generally parallel to the direction of traffic and/or horizontal displacement of
surfacing materials, mainly in the direction of traffic where braking or acceleration movement occur.
CORRUGATION
refers to transverse undulations, closely and regularly spaced, with wavelengths of less than 2 meters.
RUTTING
is a longitudinal deformation in a wheel path. May occur in one or both wheel paths of a lane.
DEPRESSION
localized area within the pavement with elevations lower than the surrounding area. May not be confined to
wheel paths and could extend across several wheel paths.
 Code 05
PUMPING &
DEPRESSION
Code Description / Associated Defects Unit Recommended Corrective Response
Measure / Treatment Time

05 PUMPING AND DEPRESSION sq.m. 30 Days

Pumping - seeping or ejection of water from beneath the

pavement through cracks causing rocking, faulting and slab
cracking.
Re-blocking / replacement of
Faulting - is the difference in elevation across a joint or concrete pavement, including base
crack creating a "step" deformation. correction

Slab Cracking under this code refers to shattered slab.

Depression - a dip in the pavement surface almost

invariably across a crack or joint.
PUMPING
seeping or ejection of water from beneath the pavement through cracks causing rocking, faulting and slab
cracking.
FAULTING
is the difference in elevation across a joint or crack creating a "step" deformation.
SLAB CRACKING
under this code refers to shattered slab.
DEPRESSION
a dip in the pavement surface almost invariably across a crack or joint.
 Code 06
NO/FADED
PAVEMENT MARKINGS
Code Description / Associated Defects Unit Recommended Corrective Response
Measure / Treatment Time

06 NO/FADED ROAD MARKINGS l.m. 15 Days

Absence of pavement markings or as visually assessed, less

than 50% visibility; lane markings are classified into: Application or re-application of
pavement markings using
06-E - Edge Line Thermoplastic Paint.

06-C - Center Line

Carriageway width > 6.10m must be
06-Y - Yellow Line ( includes Yellow Box Lines in major provided with Edge and Center Line
intersections with traffic light; Red Box Lines for markings
Metro Manila area)

06-P - Pedestrian Lane (in schools, hospitals, government Repainting of Faded Strips.
offices and major intersections)
EDGE LINE

No Edge Line

Faded Edge Line

CENTER LINE

No Center Line
YELLOW LINE/ YELLOW BOX

Faded Yellow Lines

PEDESTRIAN LANE

Faded Pedestrian Lane

 Code 07
LOW/INVERTED
SHOULDER
Code Description / Associated Defects Unit Recommended Corrective Response
Measure / Treatment Time

07 LOW/INVERTED SHOULDERS l.m. 7 Days

This defect refers to the loss of or excess shouldering

materials resulting on shoulder level being lower or higher
than the pavement level, which also include any of the Resurfacing or reshaping of unpaved
following: shoulder;

Lane-to Shoulder Drop-off - which is the difference in Reinstatement of dropped / settled

elevation between the edge of slab and shoulder; typically shoulder
occurs when the outside shoulder settles.
Provided that the shoulder is stable,
Uneven finished grade level - between an AC overlaid grasses are trimmed to a height that
pavement and existing sealed shoulder. would allow water to drain from the
pavement surface.
Vegetated Shoulder- growth of grass on shoulders along
secondary roads. For purposes of minimizing danger,
provide lane-to-shoulder transition
LOW SHOULDER
INVERTED SHOULDER
VEGETATED SHOULDER
 Code 08
LUSH
VEGETATION
Code Description / Associated Defects Unit Recommended Corrective Response
Measure / Treatment Time

LUSH VEGETATION
08 l.m. Vegetation control 3 Days
Growth of grass, weeds and shrubs or any kind of vegetation
from the side of the canal to the RROW limits reaching an
average height of 0.60 meters. This will include
trimming/pruning of trees in compliance with DO 93 s. 2014.
LUSH VEGETATION
 Code 09
CLOGGED DRAINS
Code Description / Associated Defects Unit Recommended Corrective Response
Measure / Treatment Time

09 CLOGGED DRAINS l.m. 3 Days

Obstructed flow of surface run-offs in the drains due to

accumulated materials such as construction spoils, soil,
garbage, leaves, rocks, and etc. Any of the following defects Manual cleaning/de-clogging of
are covered under this code: canals/drainage culverts.

Silted/clogged line/barrel culverts, lined or unlined canals Repair damaged lined canal / replace
damaged individual culvert pieces.
Damaged lined canal/culvert
Manual ditch cleaning and reshaping
Obstructed ditches (lined or unlined) and inadequate flow of unlined ditch.
lines
CLOGGED DRAIN
VEGETATED CANAL
SILTED CANAL
OBSTRUCTED CANAL
 Code 10
OPEN MANHOLE
Code Description / Associated Defects Unit Recommended Corrective Response
Measure / Treatment Time

10 OPEN MANHOLE no. 10 Days

Not limited to uncovered drainage manhole but also includes

the following defects/deficiencies on these structures:
Repair damaged drainage manhole
Damaged curb inlets and missing gratings covers & opening edges, curb inlets,
and drainage gratings
Damaged drainage/manhole edges and covers

Unlevelled/unfit drainage/manhole covers Replace missing drainage manhole

covers, curb inlets/drainage gratings
Missing drainage steel gratings
OPEN MANHOLE
DAMAGED/BROKEN MANHOLE COVER
DAMAGED DRAINAGE COVER
UNFIT MANHOLE COVER & DAMAGED CURB INLET
DAMAGED STEEL GRATING
 Code 11
NO/INADEQUATE
SEALANT IN JOINTS
Code Description / Associated Defects Unit Recommended Corrective Response
Measure / Treatment Time

NO/INADEQUATE SEALANT IN JOINTS

11 l.m. Apply sealant on open and under 3 Days
sealed joints
NO SEALANT IN JOINTS
Code 12
CRACKS
Code Description / Associated Defects Unit Recommended Corrective Response
Measure / Treatment Time
12 CRACKS l.m. 3 Days
Breaks on pavement occurring in variety of patterns ranging
from isolated single crack to an interconnected pattern
extending over the entire pavement surface. This defect
includes the following crack types: Seal working cracks with asphalt
sealant or pressurized concrete
Transverse Crack - unconnected crack running transversely epoxy.
across the pavement/slab.

Longitudinal Crack - unconnected crack running For cracks on concrete, consider cross-
longitudinally along the pavement; can occur singly or as a stitching (Type 1: Staple tie bar or,
series of nearly parallel cracks. Type 2 diagonal tie bar). See DO 4, s.
2006: Interim Guidelines for the
Block Crack- interconnected cracks forming a series of maintenance and rehabilitation of
blocks approximately rectangular in shape, commonly unreinforced concrete roads.
distributed over the full pavement. Cell sizes are usually
greater than 1m.

Corner Crack - a crack extending diagonally from

longitudinal edge to transverse joint.

Diagonal Crack - unconnected crack diagonally across a

pavement/slab
Code Description / Associated Defects Unit Recommended Corrective Response
Measure / Treatment Time
12 CRACKS l.m. Seal working cracks with asphalt 3 Days
sealant or pressurized concrete
Meandering Crack - unconnected irregular winding crack epoxy.
usually singular

Reflection Cracks - cracks on asphalt mirrored from the For cracks on concrete, consider cross-
unsealed concrete weakened plane joint stitching (Type 1: Staple tie bar or,
Type 2 diagonal tie bar). See DO 4, s.
2006: Interim Guidelines for the
maintenance and rehabilitation of
unreinforced concrete roads.
TRANSVERSE CRACK
unconnected crack running transversely across the pavement/slab.
LONGITUDINAL CRACK
unconnected crack running longitudinally along the pavement; can occur singly or as a series of nearly parallel
cracks.
CORNER CRACK
a crack extending diagonally from longitudinal edge to transverse/weakened plane joint.
DIAGONAL CRACK
unconnected crack diagonally across a pavement/slab
MEANDERING CRACK
unconnected irregular winding crack usually singular
REFLECTION CRACK
cracks on asphalt mirrored from the unsealed concrete weakened plane joint
 Code 13
RAVELLING
Code Description / Associated Defects Unit Recommended Corrective Response
Measure / Treatment Time

RAVELLING
13 sq.m. Removal/replacement or resealing of 7 Days
Progressive disintegration of the pavement surface by loss of the affected road section or if a large
both binder and aggregates area is affected, monitoring to the
period of reconstruction.
RAVELLING
Progressive disintegration of the pavement surface by loss of both binder and aggregates
 Code 14
UNMAINTAINED ROAD
SIGNAGES
Code Description / Associated Defects Unit Recommended Corrective Response
Measure / Treatment Time

UNMAINTAINED ROAD SIGNAGES

14 Broken, damaged, vandalized, leaning, and dirty traffic no. Repair/replacement of broken 3 Days
signages, comprising of Regulatory Signs, Warning Signs and /damaged or vandalized signages;
Information Signs. cleaning of dirty signages.
UNMAINTAINED ROAD SIGNAGES
 Code 15
UNMAINTAINED
BRIDGES
Code Description / Associated Defects Unit Recommended Corrective Response
Measure / Treatment Time
15 UNMAINTAINED BRIDGES no. 3 Days
Refers to any of the following commonly noted defects:

Clogged bridge deck water drain Cleaning of bridge deck and water
drain; Repair of damaged curbs,
Accumulated sand, gravel, dirt and grass/weed on bridge sidewalk, wingwall and railing; bridge
deck painting / repainting; installation of
signages and bridge name; and
Damaged curbs, sidewalk, wingwall, railing clearing of bridge waterway.

No/faded bridge paint and bridge name

Repair moderate to severe spalling,
Absence of regulatory sign / not in standard regulatory scaling and cracking by full or partial
sign (load limit) depth replacement (includes concrete
decks with bituminous wearing
Obstruction on bridge waterway surfaces)

Scaling, spalling and cracking on bridge deck

NOTE: It takes a minimum combination of two from the listed

defects in order to classify a bridge as unmaintained.
DAMAGED CURB & SIDEWALK
FADED BRIDGE PAINT & BRIDGE NAME
DAMAGED RAILINGS
NOT IN STANDARD LOAD LIMIT SIGN
OBSTRUCTION ON BRIDGE WATERWAY
 END
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