HYPOTHESIS TESTING

BUTSAYO, ALVIN FERIA

 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
• Hypotheses are predictions about the
relationship among two or more variables or
groups based on a theory or previous research
(Pittenger, 2003)

• Hypotheses are assumptions or theories that a

researcher makes and tests.
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Why are hypotheses important?
• Hypotheses:
– Direct our observations
• Identifies the variables examined and data to be
collected
– Describe a relationship among variables
• Can state that as one variable increases, the other will
decrease; as one variables increases, the other will
increase, and so on.
– Refer to populations
• Hypotheses help researchers infer that results of a
sample will translate to a population
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
• Functions of Hypotheses
Hypotheses can:
– Estimate Population Characteristics
– Correlate Variables
– Display Differences among Two or more
populations
– Show possible Cause and Effect
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
• Nonstatistical Hypothesis Testing…
A criminal trial is an example of hypothesis testing
without the statistics.
In a trial a jury must decide between two hypotheses. The
null hypothesis is
H0: The defendant is innocent

The alternative hypothesis or research hypothesis is

H1: The defendant is guilty

The jury does not know which hypothesis is true. They

must make a decision on the basis of evidence presented.
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
• Nonstatistical Hypothesis Testing…
In the language of statistics convicting the defendant is called
rejecting the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative
hypothesis. That is, the jury is saying that there is enough
evidence to conclude that the defendant is guilty (i.e., there is
enough evidence to support the alternative hypothesis).

If the jury acquits it is stating that there is not enough

evidence to support the alternative hypothesis. Notice that the
jury is not saying that the defendant is innocent, only that
there is not enough evidence to support the alternative
hypothesis. That is why we never say that we accept the null
hypothesis, although most people in industry will say “We
accept the null hypothesis”
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Nonstatistical Hypothesis Testing…
There are two possible errors.
A Type I error occurs when we reject a true null
hypothesis. That is, a Type I error occurs when the jury
convicts an innocent person. We would want the
probability of this type of error [maybe 0.001 – beyond a
reasonable doubt] to be very small for a criminal trial
where a conviction results in the death penalty, whereas
for a civil trial, where conviction might result in someone
having to “pay for damages to a wrecked auto”,we would
be willing for the probability to be larger [0.49 –
preponderance of the evidence ]
P(Type I error) =  [usually 0.05 or 0.01]
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Nonstatistical Hypothesis Testing…
A Type II error occurs when we don’t reject a false null
hypothesis [accept the null hypothesis]. That occurs when a
guilty defendant is acquitted.
In practice, this type of error is by far the most serious
mistake we normally make. For example, if we test the
hypothesis that the amount of medication in a heart pill is
equal to a value which will cure your heart problem and
“accept the hull hypothesis that the amount is ok”. Later
on we find out that the average amount is WAY too large
and people die from “too much medication” [I wish we had
rejected the hypothesis and threw the pills in the trash
can], it’s too late because we shipped the pills to the
public.
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
The critical concepts are theses:
1. There are two hypotheses, the null and the alternative
hypotheses.
2. The procedure begins with the assumption that the null
hypothesis is true.
3. The goal is to determine whether there is enough evidence
to infer that the alternative hypothesis is true, or the null is
not likely to be true.
4. There are two possible decisions:
Conclude that there is enough evidence to support the
alternative hypothesis. Reject the null.
Conclude that there is not enough evidence to support
the alternative hypothesis. Fail to reject the null.
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
The two hypotheses are called the null hypothesis and
the other the alternative or research hypothesis. The
usual notation is:
pronounced
H “nought”
H0: — the ‘null’ hypothesis

H1: — the ‘alternative’ or ‘research’ hypothesis

The null hypothesis (H0) will always state that the

parameter equals the value specified in the alternative
hypothesis (H1)
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Sample Problem: A researcher is studying the effects
of radical exercise program on knee surgery patients.
There is a good chance the therapy will improve
recovery time, but there’s also the possibility it will
make it worse. Average recovery times for knee
surgery patients is 8.2 weeks.
H0: The average recovery times for knee surgery
patients is 8.2 weeks.
H0: μ = 8.2
H1:The average recovery times for knee surgery
patients is not 8.2 weeks.
H1: μ ≠ 8.2
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Problems:
State the null and alternative hypothesis in both
words and symbols.
1. A librarian of a school claims that all their Grade
8 students read an average of 10 storybooks a
month with a standard deviation of 2 books. A
random sample of Grade 8 students read an
average of 12 books a month and a standard
deviation of 1 book. The confidence statement is
95%
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
2. According to a factory employer, the mean
working, time of workers in the factory is 6 hours
with a standard deviation of 0.5 hours. A researcher
interviewed 50% of the employees and found out
that their mean working time is 8 hours with a
standard deviation of 1 hour. The level of
significance is 0.05.
3. A random sample of 200 students got a mean
score of 62 with a standard deviation of 5 in a
knowledge test in Math. In the standardization of
the test, μ=50 with σ=10.
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
DIRECTIONAL and NON DIRECTIONAL TESTS
Study the problems below:
A researcher has results for a sample of students
who took a national exam at a high school. The
researcher wants to know if the scores at that
school differ from the national average of 850
(H0: μ = 850 vs. H1: μ≠ 850)
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
DIRECTIONAL and NON DIRECTIONAL TESTS
A researcher has exam results for a sample of
students who took a training course for a
national exam. The researcher wants to know if
trained students score above the national
average of 850.

(H0: μ = 850 vs. H1: μ > 850)

 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
• A nondirectional alternative hypothesis states
that the null hypothesis is wrong. A
nondirectional alternative hypothesis does not
predict whether the parameter of interest is
larger or smaller than the reference value
specified in the null hypothesis. (Two-tailed test)

• A directional alternative hypothesis states that

the null hypothesis is wrong, and also specifies
whether the true value of the parameter is
greater than or less than the reference value
specified in null hypothesis. (One-tailed test)
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
FINDING CRITICAL VALUES
TASKS:
1. For a 95% confidence level, what are the
critical values for a one-tailed test? Two-
tailed test?
2. For a 99% confidence level, what are the
critical values for a one-tailed test? Two-
tailed test?
3. Draw the corresponding normal distribution.
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
LOCATING Z-VALUES
For each of the given, do the following.
1st Draw the normal curve
2nd Locate the z-value
3rd Indicate if the z-value is in the rejection region or
in the acceptance region.
1. z=2, 95% confidence, two-tailed
2. z=-2.68, α=0.05, two-tailed
3. z=1, 95% confidence, one-tailed
4. z=1.33, α=1%, one-tailed
5. z=-4.0, 99% confidence, two-tailed
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
ACTIVITY:
Identify the null and alternative hypothesis both in words
and in symbols.
1. A medical researcher is interested in finding out
whether a new medication will have any undesirable side
effects. The researcher is particularly concerned with the
pulse rate of the patients who take the medication.
Assuming the researcher knows that the mean pulse rate
for the population under study is 82 beats per minute,
what are the null and alternative hypotheses for this
situation?
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
2. A chemist invents an additive to increase the
life of an automobile battery. If the mean
lifetime of the automobile battery without the
additive is 36 months, what are the chemist's
hypotheses?
3. A contractor wishes to lower heating bills by
using a special type of insulation in houses. If
the average of the monthly heating bill is $78,
what are his hypotheses?
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Determine whether the test is directional or non
directional, If:
1. A researcher claims that method of teaching
affects learning.
2. A food additive enhances food flavor.
3. A study habit improves the memory.
4. Health is related to lifestyle.
5. Peoples’ culture affects tourism.
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
REMARKS:
• Most of the time, Ho is always stated using equal sign.
• This is done in most professional journals. When we
test the Ho, the assumption is that the mean,
proportion, or standard deviation is equal to a given
specific value.
• Also, when a researcher conducts a study, he or she is
generally looking for evidence to support a claim.
Therefore, the claim should be stated as the H1, using <
or > or . Because of this the H1 is sometimes called the
research hypothesis.
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
ANALYSIS QUESTIONS:
1. Between H0 and H1, what is a good reason for
starting a hypothesis test with a H0?
2. Suppose it is Christmas season and Janine
thinks that it is the month of January, what
error is she committing?
3. What type of error is committed when you
reject a null hypothesis when, in fact it is
true?
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
RECALL:

REJECT Do not reject

H0 (or Accept
H0)
H0 is true TYPE I Error Correct
decision
Reality
H0 is false Correct Type II Error
Decision
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
In hypothesis testing, we employ a logical
sequence of steps and procedures. The practical
statistical procedures that we employ in
hypothesis testing are called test of significance.
-The probability of committing a Type I error is
called the significance level of a test.
-For any hypothesis test,
p value = probability of committing Type I error
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Previously the commonly used signifance level
are 10%, 5% and 1%. For example we want to
compare two means. Mathamatically, these two
means are different. However, are they
significantly different?
*If p ≤ 0.05 of asserting that there is a
difference, when no such difference between
the two means exists, then the difference is said
to be significant at the 0,05 or 5%, or less level.
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
*If p ≤ 0.01, the difference is said to be
significant at the 0.01 or 1%, or less, level.
*If p ≤ 0.001, the difference is said to be highly
significant.

Suppose I select α – 0.05. What am I saying

abourt Type I error? In this case, Type I error is
somewhat serious. I am willing to state that the
probability is 5/100 that I am wrong in rejecting
a null hypothesis that is true.
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
TWO WAYS to CONDUCT HYPOTHESIS TESTING
1. TRADITIONAL or CLASSICAL METHOD

2. P VALUE METHOD
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
• STEPS in TRADITIONAL METHOD of
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
1. Describe the population parameter of
Interest (e.g., mean, proportion)
2. Formulate the hypotheses
3. Check the assumptions (sample size; small
samples normally distributed; samples
selected randomly)
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
4. Choose a significance level for α; two-tailed or
one-tailed; critical values and critical regions.
(asap draw a normal curve)
5. Select the appropriate test statistic and
compute
6. State the decision rule for rejecting or not
rejecting the Null Hypothesis
Two-tailed Test:
Reject Null if z≤-zα/2 CV or z≥+zα/2 CV
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
One-tailed test:
Reject Null if z≤-z CV or z≥+z CV
7. Compare the computed test statistic and the
critical value. Then, based on the decision rule,
decide whether not to reject (accept Null).
Interpret the result.
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Z-TEST (LARGE SAMPLE TEST CONCERNING
MEAN OF A POPULATION)
1. The population mean and population
standard deviation is known.
2. The population mean is known but not the
population standard deviation.
Test statistic used z-test
x -m where s x =
s
z=
sx n
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE:
1. A researcher used a developed problem solving test
to randomly selected 50 Grade 6 pupils. In this
sample, sample mean is 80 with a standard deviation
of 10. The mean μ and the standard deviation of the
population used in the standardization of the test
were 75 and 15, respectively. Use the 95% confidence
level to answer the following questions:
a. Does the sample mean differ significantly
from the population mean?
b. Can it be said that the sample is above average?
1. Describe the population The parameter of interest is the
parameter of interest. mean μ of the population where
the sample comes from.

2. Formulate the hypotheses: H0: μ = 75

the null and the alternative H1: μ ≠ 75
hypothesis. That is, state a null
hypothesis, H0, in such a way
that a Type I error can be
calculated.
3. Check the assumptions Since n = 50, by the CLT, the
distribution is normally
distributed. Samples are
randomly selected
4. Choose a significance level for α is 0.05, two-tailed and the z
α. critical values are: ±1.96
(Draw the normal curve)

5. Select the appropriate test Test statistic is z and σ = 15.

statistic and compute it. z = 2.36
(Show your solutions)

6. State the decision rule Reject H0 if the computed test

statistic ≤ negative CV or if the
computed test statistic ≥ positive
CV.
Otherwise, do not reject H0.
7. Compare the test statistic and Decision Making:
the critical value. 2.36 > 1.96
The null hypothesis is rejected.
INTERPRETATION:
-There is enough evidence to
reject the null hypothesis.
-There is a significant difference
between the sample mean and
the population mean.
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
ACTIVITY:
1. A researcher wants to determine if Grade 11 Students at
ACSCI performed better in the subject PRE-CALCULUS.
The researcher randomly selected 160 Grade 11 Students
at which their mean grade is 82 and standard deviation of
10. The Mean and the standard deviation of the
population used to know if they performed better is 80
and 12, respectively. Use the 95% confidence level to
answer the following questions:
a. Does the sample mean differ significantly from the
population mean?
b. Can it be said that the sample performed better in PRE-
CALCULUS?
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Work on your own:
2. In a plant nursery, the owner thinks that the
lengths of seedlings in a box sprayed with a new
kind of fertilizer has an average height of 26 cm
after three days and a standard deviation of 10 cm.
One researcher randomly selected 80 such
seedlings and calculated the mean height to be 20
cm and the standard deviation was 10 cm. will you
conduct a one-tailed test or a two-tailed test?
Proceed with the test using the significance level of
0.05.
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Small-Sample Tests About a Population mean
(t-test)
Condition: population standard deviation is
unknown and n<30.
test statistic used: t-test
x - m0
t= where μ0 is the
s hypothesized value of the
n population mean
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Illustrative Example:
1. A sample of five measurements, randomly
selected from an approximately normally
distributed population, resulted in the summary
statistics: sample mean is 4.6 and sample
standard deviation is 1.5.
a. Test the null hypothesis that the mean of the
population is 6 against the alternative hypothesis
μ<6. Use α=0.05
b. Test the null hypothesis that the mean of the
population is 6 against the alternative hypothesis
μ≠6. Use α=0.05.
1. Describe the population The parameter of interest is the
parameter of interest. mean μ of the population where
the sample comes from.

2. Formulate the hypotheses: H0: μ = 6

the null and the alternative H1: μ < 6
hypothesis. That is, state a null
hypothesis, H0, in such a way
that a Type I error can be
calculated.
3. Check the assumptions Since n =5, CLT cannot be
applied
The parent population is
normally distributed
The samples are random
samples
4. Choose a significance level for α is 0.05, one-tailed (left), From
α. the t table df = 4 and the t
critical value is -2.132
(Draw the normal curve)

5. Select the appropriate test Test statistic is t and σ = 1.5

statistic and compute it. t = -2.087
(Show your solutions)

6. State the decision rule Reject H0 if the computed test

statistic ≤ negative CV
Do not reject (or accept) H0 if
the computed test statistic >
negative critical value.
7. Compare the test statistic and Decision Making:
the critical value. -2.087 > -2.132
The null hypothesis is not
rejected.
INTERPRETATION:
-The sample evidence does not
provide enough evidence to
warrant the rejection of the null
hypothesis. The sample belongs
to the population whose mean μ
is 6. Indeed, there is no
significant difference between
the means.

Do letter b.
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Examples:
1. A random sample of ten measurements were
obtained from a normally distributed population
with mean 6.5. The sample values are 4.2 mean
and sample standard deviation of 2.
a. Test the null hypothesis that the mean of the
population is 6.5 against the alternative hypothesis
is μ<6.5. Use α=0.05
b. Test the null hypothesis that the mean of the
population is 6.5 against the alternative hypothesis
is μ≠6.5. Use α=0.05
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
2. An experimental study was conducted by a
researcher to determine if a new time slot has an
effect on the performance of pupils in
Mathematics. Fifteen randomly selected learners
participated in the study. Toward the end of the
investigation, a standardized assessment was
conducted. The sample mean was 85 and the
standard deviation is 3. In the standardization of
the test, the mean was 75 and the standard
deviation was 10. Based on the evidence at hand, is
the new time slot effective? Use α = 0.05.
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Determine whether the statement is TRUE or
FALSE
1. Probability is a value from 0 to 1.
2. Probability is a value from -1 to 1.
3. In a normal curve, for a confidence level of
95%, the probability in both tails is 0.95.
4. In a normal curve, for a confidence level of
95%, the probability in one tail is 0.05.
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
5. In a normal curve, for a confidence level of
99%, the probability in both tails is 0.01.
6. In a normal curve, for a confidence level of
99%, the probability in one tail is 0.005.
7. If X = 82, and n = 100, then p hat is 8.2.
8. If p = 0.26, then q = 26.
9. If z = 2, then p(z>2) = 0.5 – 0.4772 = 0.0228
10. If z = 2, then p(z>2 or z<-2) = 0.5 – 0.4772 =
0.0228
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
RECALL:
Use the normal curve to compute the following
probabilities.
1. P(z>-1) Compare each of the
2. P(z>1.96) computed values
3. P(z>-1.645) with 0.05 and 0.01
4. P(z>1)
5. P(z<-2.33)
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
P-VALUE METHOD
-another way of conducting hypothesis testing
-unique characteristic is the assumption that α is
the risk of making a Type I decision error, that is
p-value = probability of committing a Type I
error
-it measures how confident we are in rejecting
null

α = P(rejecting the H0 when in fact H0 is true

 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Its only difference to traditional method is the
decision rule:

Reject H0 if p ≤ α

Do not reject H0 if p > α

 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
STEPS
1. Parameter value of interest
2. Hypotheses
3. Assumptions (CLT, normality, randomness)
4. Alpha level (two-tailed, one-tailed)
5. Test statistic (Computation of both test
statistic and p value)
6. Decision Rule
7. Comparison, Decision, Interpretation
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Example:
1. Alvin administered a Statistics Achievement test
to a random sample of 50 Grade 11 students. In
the sample, the mean is 90 and standard
deviation is 10. The population parameter of
interest are mean of 83 and standard deviation
of 15.
a. Does the sample come from the average
population?
b. Is the performance of the sample above
average?
Use α = 0.05 and the p-value method.
1. Describe the population The parameter of interest is the
parameter of interest. mean μ of the population, the
mean performance of all
students in the test.

2. Formulate the hypotheses: H0: μ = 83

the null and the alternative H1: μ ≠ 83
hypothesis. That is, state a null
hypothesis, H0, in such a way
that a Type I error can be
calculated.
3. Check the assumptions Since n =50, CLT can be applied
4. Choose a significance level for α is 0.05, two-tailed
α.
5. Select the appropriate test Test statistic is z and σ = 15.
statistic and compute it. z = 3.30
(Show your solutions)
Compute the p value For a two tailed test, the p value
is the area to the left of the
computed z or to its right using
the z table of areas.
P(z<-3.30) or P(z>3.30) = 0.5-
0.4995 = 0.0005
Since the test is two tailed, we
multiply the area by 2, hence,
2(0.0005) = 0.0010.
6. State the decision rule Reject H0 if the computed
p≤0.05, otherwise do not reject
H0.
7. Compare the test statistic and Decision Making:
the critical value. 0.0010<0.05
The null hypothesis is rejected.
INTERPRETATION:
-The sample evidence provide
enough evidence to warrant the
rejection of the null hypothesis.
The sample does not belong to
the population whose mean μ is
83. Indeed, there is significant
difference between the means.

DO LETTER b.
 HYPOTHESIS TESTING
ACTIVITY:
1. A random sample of 200 school managers
were administered a developed Leadership Skills
Test. The sample mean and the standard
deviation were 78 and 4.2, respectively. In the
standardization of the test, the mean was 73
and the standard deviation was 8. Test for
significant difference using α = 0.05 utilizing the
p value method.
END!!!