Scribd
Upload
108 views

Code Switching

The document defines code switching as alternating between two languages or dialects during conversation. There are several types of code switching including intersentential, intrasentential, and tag switching. Code switching serves various functions such as being directive, expressive, referential, phatic, metalinguistic, or poetic. It can occur situationally based on context or metaphorically based on topic. Lexical borrowing and linguistic constraints also relate to code switching behavior.

Uploaded by

Dian Rahayuningsih
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
108 views

Code Switching

The document defines code switching as alternating between two languages or dialects during conversation. There are several types of code switching including intersentential, intrasentential, and tag switching. Code switching serves various functions such as being directive, expressive, referential, phatic, metalinguistic, or poetic. It can occur situationally based on context or metaphorically based on topic. Lexical borrowing and linguistic constraints also relate to code switching behavior.

Uploaded by

Dian Rahayuningsih
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 12

Definition

 A code is a particular dialect or language that a person chooses to use on


any occasion. A code is a system used for communication between two or
more parties.
 Code Switching (also called code-mixing) is a switch from one code to
another or to mix codes even within sometimes very short utterances.
 Crystal (1987) suggests that code switching or language switching occurs
when two bilingual individuals alternates two languages during their
speech between them.
 Code switching is a conversational strategy used to establish, cross or
destroy group boundaries; to create, evoke or change interpersonal
relations with their right and obligation (Gal, cited in Wardhaugh, 2006).
Singapore

Tamil as the
language of
English as Malay as Mandarin the
trade language of variety of important
language region Chinese ethnic
groups in
the republic
Language code-switching

Style code-switching
Reason for Switching (Wardaugh, 2006)
 What might cause a speaker to switch from variety X to variety Y or
from language A to language B?
 A number of answers have been suggested, including solidarity,
accommodation to listeners, choice of topic, and perceived social and
cultural distance. In other words, the motivation of the speaker is an
important consideration in the choice.
Participants, Solidarity, and Status
(Holmes, 2001)

As a signal of Motivated by the


group identity and
membership and relationship
shared ethnicity between
with an addressee participants

People
sometimes
switch code
within a
domain or
social status
Functions of code switching ( Appel &
Muysken, 1987)
 Directive Function, people switch languages to either include or exclude
other people from the conversation.
 Expressive function, people include the embedded language in order to
express some part of their identity.
 Referential function, someone is unable to express an idea easily in one
language, switches to the other language in order to express it more easily .
 Phatic function, sometimes a speaker switches languages or repeats
something in both languages in order to emphasize it.
 Metalinguistic function, reporting something in the other language, or
commenting on something said in the other language.
 Poetic function, the speaker says certain words or makes jokes in the
embedded language for amusement or humor
Types of Code Switching

Intra-sential code Extra-sential or “Tag-


Intersentential switching
switching switching”,

the language the speaker switches a tag from one


switches for entire languages within a language is inserted
sentences or clause or sentence into another
clauses. boundary. language.

e.g. Sometimes I’ll


e.g. I don’t know o
start a sentence in
meu lugar nesse e.g. It’s a good
English y termino en
mundo (my place in movie, deshou?
espanol (and finish
this world).
in Spanish).
Kinds of Code Switching

Situational code-switching
• occurs when the languages used change according to the situations
in which the conversant find themselves; they speak one language
in one situation and another in a different one. No topic change is
involved
Metaphorical code-switching
• occurs when a change of topic requires a change in the language
used.
• Metaphorical code switching has an affective dimension to it: you
change as you redefine the situation— formal to informal, official to
personal, serious to humorous, and politeness to solidarity.
Examples

Situational code-switching Metaphorical code-switching

 When a teacher gives some kind of  At a village meeting among the Buang
formal lecture in Bokmal (H) but people in Papua new guinea. Mr.
the discussion that follows in Rupa, the main village entrepreneur
Ranamal (L). and ‘bigman’, is trying to persuade
 The speaker in this example people who have put money into a
switches from high variety to the village store to leave it there.
low variety of language, marking  [Tok Pisin is in italis, Buang is not
the new situation with a different italicised]
language. Ikamap trovel o women, mi ken…
Moni ti ken nyep ega, rek mu su
rek ogoko … Orait, bihain…
Olgeta ples.
Lexical Borrowing

 To express a concept or describe an object for which there is no


obvious word available in the language they are using.
 It Generally involves single words— mainly noun—and motivated by
lexical need.
 It is very different from switching where speakers have a genuine
choice about which words or phrases they will use in which language.
 Borrowed words are usually adapted to the speaker’s first language.
They are pronounced and used grammatically as if they were part of
the speaker’s first language
Linguistic Constraints

 Sociolinguists have been interested in identifying not only the functions


or meaning of switches, and the stylistic motivations for switches, but
also the points at which switches occur in utterances.
 Some believe there are very general rules for switching which apply to
all switching behavior regardless of the codes or varieties involved.
 Another believe that there is always a ‘matrix language frame’ (MLF)
which imposes structural constraints on code-switched utterances.
 Other sociolinguists argue that it is unlikely that there are universal and
absolute rules of this kind.

You might also like