V A NET

VEHICULAR AD-HOC NETWORKS

ABHYUDAI (111657944) | CHATURBHUJ RAJENDRAN (111447569) | KAUSHIK KULKARNI (111486036)

CONTENTS
• Routing Protocols • Limitations
• AdHoc Network
• MANET • Security Requirements • Challenges

• Motivation • Future Perspectives

• Privacy Requirements
• VANET
• Application of VANETS
• Components of VANET
• VANET Architecture • Advantages

• Features of VANET
AdHoc Network

• Ad-Hoc is a decentralized wireless network.

• The network is ad hoc because it does not rely on pre-existing infrastructure.
• Each node participates in routing by forwarding data for other nodes.
• The decision, as to which node forwards data is made dynamically based on network connectivity.

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MANET

• A mobile ad hoc network (MANET), also known as wireless ad hoc network or ad hoc wireless
network, is a continuously self-configuring, infrastructure-less network of mobile devices
connected wirelessly.
• Each device in a MANET is free to move independently in any direction, and will therefore change
its links to other devices frequently.

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Motivation
• Several studies have maintained that 60% of the accidents that occur on motorways could be
avoided if warning messages were provided to the drivers just few seconds prior to moment of
crash.
• The possibility of direct exchange of kinematic data between vehicles over an ad hoc network
environment called a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) has been widely perceived.

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WHAT IS VANET?

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What is VANET?
Vehicular Ad–Hoc Network, or VANET
• It is a form of Mobile ad-hoc network
• Provides communication
- among nearby vehicles
- between vehicles
- nearby fixed equipment

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Vehicular AdHoc Networks 9
How vehicular communications work?
• They use road-side infrastructure units (RSUs), named
network nodes (Vehicles), are equipped with on-
board processing and wireless communication
modules.

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• Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and
vehicle-to-infrastructure
(V2I) communication will be
possible

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Components of VANETS

• Computer controlled devices(On-Board

Unit).
• Radio transceivers for message exchange.
• GPS (Global Positioning System).
• Other sensors for sensing surrounding
environments.
• Road Side infrastructure Units(RSU).

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Simplified VANET Model
Legal Service
Manufacturer TTPs
Authority Provider

TTP Services Services Data

Infrastructure environment Data
Ad-hoc environment RSU

V2I/ I2V DATA

V2V DATA
OBU TPM Sensors OBU TPM Sensors

Vehicular AdHoc Networks 13

• Vehicles have now transformed into “Computers on Wheels” or “Networks on Wheels”
• Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are special class of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs)
formed by vehicles equipped with wireless gadgets.
• The present day vehicular technology uses The IEEE standard of 802.11 amends the IEEE 802.11p
for wireless access in vehicular environments which uses 5.9 Ghz
• This is a licensed ITS band for communication between vehicles and road side units

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Todays cars are almost fully
software controlled
Vehicular AdHoc Networks 15
Future cars may be totally software controlled (The Audi A9 concept repairs itself)
Vehicular AdHoc Networks 16
Major Players
in VANET

Vehicular AdHoc Networks 17

• The main goal of VANET is to provide safety and security for citizens communicating with the
drivers on the roads by informing about accidents or uncertainty conditions and traffic data.
• Each node or the vehicle is equipped with VANET device to form a Ad-hoc network
instantaneously and can able to receive and broadcast the required messages through wireless
network.

Vehicular AdHoc Networks 18

• Increase traveler safety
• 10.8 million vehicle crashes from 1990 to 2009
• 36,000 fatalities in 2009 only
• 24,000 of these due to collision with other vehicles / objects.
• Costs more than $100 billion per year

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VANET Architecture
• The advances in mobile communications and the current trends in ad hoc networks allow
different deployment architectures for vehicular networks in highways, urban and rural
environments.
• The goal of a VANET architecture is to allow the communication among nearby vehicles and
between vehicles and fixed roadside equipment’s.
• Three types of architecture are found:
• V2V
• V2I
• Hybrid

Vehicular AdHoc Networks 20

Vehicle-to-Vehicle
(V2V) ad hoc
network
• Allows the direct vehicular
communication without relying on
a fixed infrastructure support and
can be mainly employed for safety,
security, and dissemination
applications.

Vehicular AdHoc Networks 21

Vehicular AdHoc Networks 23
Vehicle-to-
Infrastructure (V2I)
network
• Allows a vehicle to communicate
with the roadside infrastructure
mainly for information and data
gathering applications.

Vehicular AdHoc Networks 24

Vehicular AdHoc Networks 25
• Hybrid architecture

Combines both Vehicle-to-Vehicle

(V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure
(V2I). In this scenario, a vehicle can
communicate with the roadside
infrastructure either in a single hop
or multi-hop fashion, depending on
the distance.

Vehicular AdHoc Networks 26

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Vehicular AdHoc Networks 28
Features of VANET
VANET has some common features with MANET like low bandwidth, short transmission range and
omnidirectional broadcast.
1. Highly dynamic topology
• Speed of vehicle.
• Characteristics of radio propagation.
2. Frequently Disconnected
3. Geographical communication
4. Constrained mobility and prediction: Cars move on roads, prediction of future position of the
vehicle is more feasible.
5. Propagation model: The environment the vehicle is moving in has an impact on
communication(city, highways, forests)

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Routing Protocols
• A routing protocol is required in a network to:
a) Forward data
b) Create a route
c) Decision in forwarding messages
d) Need action in maintaining the route
e) When route error occurs then it need to recover and establish a new route.

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Communication - Protocol Stack for VANET

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 Continued…
• DSRC (Dedicated Short-Range Communication) system is a short to medium range communication
technology that operates in the 5.9 GHz band
• Physical layer – Derived from IEEE 802.11p , it is OFDM – divide the available frequency spectrum
into narrower subcarriers.
• Datalink layer –
1) Mac sub-layer – deployed by 802.11p, based on Distributed Coordination function(DCF), which is
a CSMA/CA algorithm.
2) Mac sub-layer extension – IEEE 1609.4, deals with multichannel operation, consists of 7
frequency channels. 1 CCH & 6 SCH.
3) LLC sub-layer – IEEE 802.2, provides unacknowledged connectionless service. Provides
SNAP(subnetwork access protocol) to differentiate between different network layer protocols.

Vehicular AdHoc Networks 32

Continued…
• Network/Transport Layers – Have WAVE Short Message Protocol(WSMP). Minimizes protocol
overhead.
• Security – The security overhead will therefore be large in every trans- mitted message (around
200 bytes is foreseen) and this will cost in processing time.
• Application Layer - protocols used minimize the end to end communication delay, develop
marketing tools for business, VITP(Vehicular Information Transfer Protocol) establishes a
distributed, ad hoc service infrastructure in VANETs

Vehicular AdHoc Networks 33

Optimized Link State
Routing Protocol
• The Optimized Link State Routing
Protocol (OLSR) is a proactive
routing protocol.
• It exchanges topology information MPR’s
with other nodes in the network in
a regular manner.
• Each node selects a set of its
neighbour nodes as “multipoint
relays”(MPR)
• Only nodes selected as such MPR’s
are responsible for forwarding.

Vehicular AdHoc Networks 34

Pros of OLSR
• In broadcast scenario, reduce the number of retransmission of packets.

Cons of OLSR
• In OLSR, large amount of bandwidth and CPU power is required to compute the optimal path.

Vehicular AdHoc Networks 35

Ad Hoc on Demand Distance Vector
S

• AODV is a reactive routing protocol in which any node

wants to send data packet to another node at that
time the node will be searching for the path on
demand or needed and send the data packet from
source to destination.
• A RREQ (Route REQuest) is broadcast from source.
• Find a route and when destination receive that packet
it will send a RREP (Route REPly) to the source. S

• All the route information in the form of routing table.

Vehicular AdHoc Networks 36

Pros of AODV
• An up-to-date path to the destination because of using destination sequence number.
• It reduces excessive memory requirements and the route redundancy.
• AODV responses to the link failure in the network and can be applied to large scale adhoc
network.
Cons of AODV
• More time is needed for connection setup & initial communication to establish a route compared
to other approaches.
• If intermediate nodes contain old entries it can lead inconsistency in the route.

Vehicular AdHoc Networks 37

Dynamic Manet on Demand
(DYMO) Routing Protocol
• Route discovery process of DYMO
and AODV, both are similar but
DYMO has path accumulation
feature. When a node rebroadcast
the RREQ, it adds its own entries
in the RREQ packet.
• When any intermediate node
receives the RREQ, it stores
entries about all intermediate
nodes in its routing table.
• DYMO has the simpler design and
it is easy to implement.
• In DYMO every node has a
sequence number which is used
to avoid loops in the route.

Vehicular AdHoc Networks 38

Pros of DYMO
• It is simple and easy to implement.
• It provides loop free routes by using a unique sequence number for each node.
• It has a better route maintenance process.
• Less overhead with increased network sizes and high mobility.
Cons of DYMO
• Unnecessary overhead in low mobility environments.
• It does not perform well with low mobility.

Vehicular AdHoc Networks 39

Dynamic Source Routing Protocol
• It is similar to AODV in that it forms a route on-demand when a transmitting node requests one.
• However, it uses source routing instead of relying on the routing table at each intermediate
device.
Pros
• To obtain route between nodes, it has small overload on the network. It uses caching which
reduces load on the network.
Cons
• If there are too many nodes in the network the route information within the header will lead to
byte overhead.
• Unnecessary flooding burden the network.
• In high mobility pattern it performs worse.

Vehicular AdHoc Networks 40

Security Requirements
Various Security requirements for VANET:
• Authentication
• Accountability
• Verification of Data Consistency
• Availability
• Credential revocation

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Privacy Requirements
Various Privacy requirements for VANET:
• Anonymity
• Unlink ability
• Restricted credential usage
• Perfect forward privacy

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Applications of VANETS
The applications of VANETs into following classes:
1) Safety oriented
2) Commercial oriented
3) Convenience oriented
4) Productive Applications

Vehicular AdHoc Networks 43

• Safety Oriented Application
1.Real Time Traffic: Real time data at RSU is available to vehicles .
2.Co-operative Message Transfer: Broken down vehicles can communicate.
3.Post Crash Notification.
4.Road Hazard Control Notification: Warn about road hazards eg. Landslides.
5. Traffic Vigilance.

• Commercial Application
1. Remote Vehicle Personalization/ Diagnostics.
2. Internet Access: Internet access through RSU which acts like a router.
3. Value-added advertisement.
4. Digital map downloading.

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• Convenience Applications
1. Route Diversions
2. Electronic Toll Collection
3. Parking Availability
4. Active Prediction: Adjust cruise control before a decent or
ascent to save fuel.
• Productive Applications
1. Time Utilization: Reading and replying to emails in traffic
jams.
2. Fuel Saving: Electronic tolls can save up to 3% fuel and
time

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Advantages of VANET
• When compared with MANET and other cellular systems, inter-vehicle communication (IVC) has
four major advantages:
a) Broad coverage area
b) Relatively low latency due to direct wireless communication
c) Little or no power issue
d) No service fees

Vehicular AdHoc Networks 46

Limitations of VANET
• Due to dynamic behavior of the mobile ad hoc nodes the maintenance and route discovery of
path and broadcasting the messages for multi-hop network will be challenging in VANET.
• Unavailability of road side resources.
• Privacy of Vehicles.
• Security is one of the biggest and most challenging issue.
• Lack of coordination between the manufacturing giants.

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Challenges in VANET
• Technical Issue - Due to high portability, difficult to manage network and control congestion
collision in network.
• Security Issue - VANET is time critical where safety related message should be delivered with
100ms transmission delay.
• Security Requirement Issue - A regular verification of data is required to eliminate the false
messaging.
• Attackers on VANET – Insider, Outsider, Malicious, Rational, Active & Passive.
• Attacks in VANET - Eavesdropping is a most common attack on confidentiality. Routing attacks are
the attacks which destroy the vulnerability of network layer routing protocols.

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Future Perspectives
• Highly heterogeneous vehicular networks
• Data Management and Storage
• Localization Systems
• Security And Privacy
• Tracking a Target
• Standardization of protocols
• Cooperation with other networks
• Variable Network Density
• Network Fragmentation

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Conclusion

• VANET technology has a great potential in facilitating road transport safety and
other vehicular communication applications in real scenario.
• Supports Intelligent Transport Systems.

Vehicular AdHoc Networks 50

References
• X. Huang, Q. Zhang and Y. Wang, "Research on multi-agent traffic signal control system based on VANET information," 2017 IEEE 20th International
Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC), Yokohama, Japan, 2017.
• F. Goudarzi, H. Asgari and H. S. Al-Raweshidy, "Traffic-Aware VANET Routing for City Environments—A Protocol Based on Ant Colony Optimization,"
in IEEE Systems Journal, vol. PP, no. 99, pp. 1-11.
doi: 10.1109/JSYST.2018.2806996.
• I. B. Jemaa, O. Shagdar, F. J. Martinez, P. Garrido and F. Nashashibi, "Extended mobility management and routing protocols for internet-to-VANET
multicasting," 2015 12th Annual IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC), Las Vegas, NV, 2015, pp. 904-909.
doi: 10.1109/CCNC.2015.7158096
• L. C. Dasuha and T. Mantoro, "Car to car communication in VANET using Co-operative Mobility Services of the Future (CoMoSeF)," 2016 5th
International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems (ICMCS), Marrakech, 2016, pp. 349-353.
doi: 10.1109/ICMCS.2016.7905637
• C. M. Raut and S. R. Devane, "Intelligent transportation system for smartcity using VANET," 2017 International Conference on Communication and
Signal Processing (ICCSP), Chennai, 2017, pp. 1602-1605.
doi: 10.1109/ICCSP.2017.8286659
• M. Wadea, A. Mostafa, D. P. Agrawal and A. Hamad, "Enhancing VANET connectivity through utilizing autonomous vehicles," 2017 IEEE 13th
International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob), Rome, 2017, pp. 204-211.
doi: 10.1109/WiMOB.2017.8115851

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References
• Felipe Cunha, Azzedine Boukerche, Leandro Villas, Aline Viana, Antonio A. F. Loureiro "Data Communication in VANETs: A Survey,Challenges and
Applications
• Medium Access Control for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks", KATRIN SJÖBERG, ISBN 978-91-7385-832-8
• “Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks: Architectures, Research Issues, Methodologies, Challenges, and Trends", Wenshuang Liang, Zhuorong Li, Hongyang
Zhang, August 31, 2015
• "Pros and Cons: Various Routing Protocols based on VANET’s: A Survey", Navroop Kaur, Harjit singh, Amandeep Nagpal, nternational Journal of
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THANK
YOU

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