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Metric space and normal space: 組員:9240006a 吳俊運 9240016a 黃雅婕 9240030a 歐庭綱 9240049a 林冠宇 指導老師: 陳志賢 老師

The document defines various mathematical concepts related to metric spaces and normed spaces. It defines metric spaces, metric functions, open spheres, continuity of functions between metric spaces, and induced metrics on normed spaces. It also provides definitions for concepts like convergence of sequences, Hilbert spaces, and norms on vector spaces. Examples of metric spaces include Euclidean spaces and Hilbert spaces.

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51 views

Metric space and normal space: 組員:9240006a 吳俊運 9240016a 黃雅婕 9240030a 歐庭綱 9240049a 林冠宇 指導老師: 陳志賢 老師

The document defines various mathematical concepts related to metric spaces and normed spaces. It defines metric spaces, metric functions, open spheres, continuity of functions between metric spaces, and induced metrics on normed spaces. It also provides definitions for concepts like convergence of sequences, Hilbert spaces, and norms on vector spaces. Examples of metric spaces include Euclidean spaces and Hilbert spaces.

Uploaded by

coolaadi69
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 8

Metric space
and normal space
組員 :9240006a 吳俊運
9240016a 黃雅婕
9240030a 歐庭綱
9240049a 林冠宇
指導老師 : 陳志賢 老師
Def:
Let  be nonempty set. A real-valued function
d defined on   is called metric or distance f
unction on if it satisfies
(1) d (a, b)  0, a, b   and d (a, a )  0
(2) d (a, b)  d (b, a), a, b  
(3) d (a, b)  d (a, c)  d (c, b), a, b, c  
(4) d (a, b)  0 iff a  b
The matrix space is denoted by ( , d ) .
Note: If d satisfies (1),(2)and(3),
then d is called pseudometric.
Def:
Let p be element of S and p  A  S
Let d be metric on S
Define d ( p, A)  inf{d ( p, x) | x  A}
If A, B  S , we defined
d ( A, B)  inf{d (a, b) | a  A, b  B}
The diameter of A is defined by
dia( A)  sup{d (a, a) | a, a  A}
Def:
A is bounded if dia( A)  
(i.e.  x0  A,   0 s.t. A  S d ( x0 ,  ) )
Proposition:
Let A and B be non-empty subsets of 
and let p   , then
(1) d ( p, A), d ( A, B) and dia( A)  0
(2) If p  A , then d ( p, A)  0
(3) If A  B   , then d ( A, B)  0
(4) If A is finite, then dia ( A)  
(2)  (error)

A
d ( p, A)  0 but p  A
p

(3)  (error)

A B
d ( A, B)  0 but A  B  

(4)  (error)

1 
A   n   dia ( A)  1 but A is infinite
n 
Def:
Let  be set and d be metric on 
S d ( p,  ) is the set of points within a distance
of  from p
i.e. S d ( p,  )  {x | d ( x, p)   }  N d ( p,  )
Note:
S d ( p,  ) is called open sphere (sphere, spheri
cal, neighborhood or ball)
Lemma:
Let S1 and S 2 be open spheres and
let p  S1  S 2
Then  an open sphere S p with center p

such that p  S p  S1  S 2
Thm:
Let ( , d ) be metric space and A  .
Then  x d ( x, A)  0  cl ( A)
Note:
p  A, d ( p, A)  0
If A is closed, d ( p, A)  0
Note:
cl ( A)  A   B   B B  A, B is closed 
B A
B is closed

cl ( A)  A iff A is closed
Thm: (Separation Axiom)
Let A and B be disjoint closed subsets
of a metric space  .
 open sets G, H with A  G, B  H and G  H  
Def: ( Euclidean m-space)
d : R m  R m  R is defined by
a  (a1 ,  , am )
d (a, b)   a1  a2      am  am  where
2 2

b  (b1 ,  , bm )

In fact, d is metric.
R m with d this is called Euclidean m-space
m
denoted by . E
Note:
 

Let S   a1 ,  , a n ,   ai
2
   be denoted R 
 i 1 
by .
Def: (Hilbert space)

Let a  ( a1 ,  , a n , )  R
b  (b1 ,  , bn , )  R 

d ( a, b)   (a
i 1
i  bi ) 2

d is metric and is called l2  metric .



R with l2  metric is called Hilbert space
or l2  space .
Def:
Let {xn }be sequence in ( , d ).
We say that {xn }converges to x
if   0, N   s.t. d ( xn , x)   for n  N
Def:
Let ( , d )and ( , d ) be metric space.
*

Let f :    be function.
f is continuous at x0
if   0,  s.t. d ( x, x0 )    d * ( f ( x), f ( x0 ))  
( x  S d ( x0 ,  )) ( f ( x)  S d ( f ( x0 ),  ))
*
Def:
Let V be vector space over k
A function which assigns to v  V the real nu
mber is norm on V
iff
(1) v  0, v  0 iff v  0
(2) kv  k v
(3) v  u  v  u
(v, ||  ||) forms a normed space.
Thm:
Let V be normed space.
The function d is defined by d ( x, y )  x  y
Note:
This metric d
is called induced metric on V .

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