Plant Reproduction

Click to Enter
ClickBiology
 Plant Reproduction

1 4

Flower structure Seed dispersal

2 5

Pollination Germination

3 6

Fruit development Test

ClickBiology
ClickBiology
Flowers are the reproductive organs of plants

ClickBiology
Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
 Structure Of Flower

stigma

anther
stamen style carpel
filament ovary
ovule

petal

sepal
receptacle
peduncle

ClickBiology
Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test
Flower Structure
Quiz

ClickBiology
What is the name of the structure labelled X in
the diagram?

carpel

X sepal

stamen

peduncle
ClickBiology
Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
• Where is pollen made?

stigma

sepal

anther

ovary

ClickBiology
Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
Where is the ovule found in a flower?

petals

style

nectary

ovary

ClickBiology
Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
 Flower Structure Quiz

• Which parts of the flower are labelled below:

X A
X = style, Y = stigma

X = filament, Y = anther B

Y
X = stigma, Y = style C

X = anther, Y = filament D

ClickBiology
Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
(Pendebungaan)

ClickBiology
The pollen grain contains the male sex cell (gamete)
ClickBiology
Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
 pollen stigma

What do you remember

about anther and the
stigma ?
ClickBiology
Pollination is the transfer of pollen from the anther
to the stigma

Two types of pollination: a) Self-pollination

b) Cross-pollination

ClickBiology
Self-pollination
pollen from anther of a flower is transferred to the
stigma of the same flower or to the stigma of another
flower on the same plant.

*** Self-pollination is not desirable as it reduces variation ClickBiology

Cross-pollination
pollen from the anther of a flower is transferred to
the stigma of another flower on a different plant of
the same species

*** This is desirable in plants as it promotes variation. ClickBiology

ClickBiology
(Agen Pendebungaan)

ClickBiology
Pollen can be carried between flowers by
insects or by wind

ClickBiology
Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
Insect-pollinated flowers are adapted to attract insects to
them to enable transfer of pollen

Pollen has
barbs for
hooking onto
Nectar and a insect fur
scent present

Anthers
positioned to rub
pollen onto insects

Stigma is
sticky to Brightly
collect pollen coloured petals
ClickBiology
Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
Wind-pollinated flowers are different in structure because
they do not have to attract insects to them but do need to
be exposed to the wind.

Anthers are exposed to

Pollen grains are very the wind so that pollen
small and light. They can easily be blown away
occur in very large
numbers

Stigma are
feathery to catch
pollen carried on
wind

Petals are small

and green as there
No scent or nectary
is no need to attract
insects
ClickBiology
Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
Flowers will prevent self-pollination by either
having stigma above stamen or…

ClickBiology
…by having stamen and stigma mature at different
times.

ClickBiology
Pollination
Quiz

ClickBiology
• Pollination is the transfer from….?

the stigma to anther

style to stamen

ovule to filament

anther to stigma

ClickBiology
Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test
• The two mechanisms for pollination are?

Wind and water

Insect and wind

Insect and water

Wind and birds

ClickBiology
Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
• Cross-pollination…

Increases variation

Decreases variation

Is only performed by insects

Is only performed by wind

ClickBiology
Flower Structure Pollination Fertilisation Seed Dispersal Germination Test
• Flowers are adapted for wind-pollination by…

Having bright petals and a scent

Having a nectary

Having feathery stigmas

Having sticky stigmas

ClickBiology
Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test
 Fertilisation
 Germination of Seeds
ClickBiology
Fertilisation and Fruit Development

ClickBiology
 How fertilisation of
plant male gamete and plant female gamete
occurs?????

ClickBiology
 FERTILISATION
stigma
1) The pollen from the first flower sticks
to the sticky stigma. style

2) When pollen lands on stigma of a

flower, the sugary substance on the ovary
surface of the stigma stimulates the
ovule
pollen to germinate

3) A pollen tube grows downs the style,

towards the ovary

4) The male gametes are in the tube.

The tube carrying the male gamete
then enters the ovule. ClickBiology
 FERTILISATION

stigma

5) Fertilisation occurs when the style

male gamete fuses with the
ovule (the female gamete)
ovary

6) The plant has then been ovule

fertilised.

6) After fertilisation,
ovule develops into a seed,
ovary becomes the fruit.

ClickBiology
 After fertilisation what happen to
Stamens? Petals? Sepal?

Stamen Petal

Sepal

ClickBiology
 After fertilisation
the petals, stamen and sepals
fall off.
The ovule turns into a seed

ClickBiology
 Ovule seed

Ovary Fruit
Fleshy wall
of the ovary
(yes, you are
eating an
adapted ovary
when you
seed crunch into an
apple!

ClickBiology
 Development of Seed

Cotyledon:
Store and
provide food for
Testa:
the seed
Protects the seed

Micropyle: Plumule:
Small hole Embryo shoot
Embryo
which plant
allows air Radicle:
and water Embryo root
to enter the
seed
ClickBiology
Germination of Seed

ClickBiology
 The seed contains the embryo plant and cotyledons
(starch stores)

Testa Water enters

the seed through
the micropyle
Plumule and activates
(embryo shoot) enzymes.

The water also

Radicle
softens the
(embryo root) testa to allow it
to split.

Cotyledon
Micropyle
ClickBiology
Plumule
(shoot)

Radicle
(root)

ClickBiology
Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test
 Whilst germinating the plant uses food stores in the cotyledon to
provide energy for growth

light The seedling can now

photosynthesise and
make its own food

germination

Plant growth and development

soil
ClickBiology
Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test
Changes in dry mass of the germinating seed:
Click to
Seed loses weight as it uses listen to an
up starch stores in the explanation
cotyledons as the seedling
cannot photosynthesise yet

Dry mass/g
Weight increases as
the seedling can
photosynthesise and
Dry mass is the plant grows
mass of solid
matter with all
water removed

Days

ClickBiology
Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test
 Conditions required for germination
Summarise the findings of the experiment shown below:
Click to
listen to an Pyrogallol (absorbs oxygen)
No light
explanation

Oxygen Oxygen Oxygen Oxygen

present present present present

No
oxygen

moist dry moist moist moist

4oC Warm Warm Warm Warm

A B C D E
ClickBiology
Flower Structure Pollination Fruit Development Seed Dispersal Germination Test
END

ClickBiology