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Crystallography: Introduction, Crystal Structure, Miller Indices, Etc

Crystallography describes the arrangement of atoms in crystalline solids. There are two types of solids: crystalline, where atoms are arranged regularly, and amorphous, where atoms are arranged irregularly. Crystals have a repeating three-dimensional arrangement of atoms called a lattice or space lattice. The smallest repeating unit of a lattice is the unit cell. There are seven crystal systems based on the geometry of the unit cell. The most common structures for metallic crystals are body-centered cubic (BCC), face-centered cubic (FCC), and hexagonal close-packed (HCP). These structures differ in how atoms are packed within the unit cell.

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81 views

Crystallography: Introduction, Crystal Structure, Miller Indices, Etc

Crystallography describes the arrangement of atoms in crystalline solids. There are two types of solids: crystalline, where atoms are arranged regularly, and amorphous, where atoms are arranged irregularly. Crystals have a repeating three-dimensional arrangement of atoms called a lattice or space lattice. The smallest repeating unit of a lattice is the unit cell. There are seven crystal systems based on the geometry of the unit cell. The most common structures for metallic crystals are body-centered cubic (BCC), face-centered cubic (FCC), and hexagonal close-packed (HCP). These structures differ in how atoms are packed within the unit cell.

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gregkilaton
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CRYSTALLOGRAPHY

Introduction, Crystal structure, Miller Indices, etc.


Introduction
 Types of solids

 Crystalline: Atoms arranged in regular fashion

 Amorphous: Atoms arranged in irregular fashion


Space Lattice/Crystal Lattice
 Lattice regular geometrical arrangement of points

 Space lattice
 arrangement if atoms in distinct pattern
 3D network of imaginary lines connecting the atoms

 Infinite array of points in space so arranged that it


divides space into equal volumes.

 Unit cell smallest portion of lattice


Unit Cell & Its Parameters
Crystal Systems
 According to unit cell geometry, crystals systems
have seven different types:
i. Cubic
ii. Tetragonal
iii. Hexagonal
iv. Orthorhombic
v. Rhombohedral
vi. Monoclinic
vii. Triclinic
Bravais Lattices
 Bravais showed there are only 14 standard space
lattices that are needed to describe all possible
arrangements

 Seven sets of axis are needed to construct the 14


Bravais lattice
Crystalline Structure of Metals
 Crystal is an orderly array of atoms in space
 It is defined in terms of unit cell geometry
 Most metals crystallize in one of the three relaively
simple structures
 BCC

 FCC

 HCP
Body Centered Cubic (BCC)
a =4r/√3
bcc

a – Lattice constant
r – Radius of atom

Thus a unit cell of BCC contains


8 atoms at corner × 1/8c= 1atom
1 centre atom = 1atom
Total=2atom
Examples
 At room temperature, iron exhibits BCC structure
 Other metals are
V

 Mo

 Ta

W

 etc.
Face Centered Cubic (FCC)
Thus a unit cell of FCC contains
8 atoms at corner × 1/8= 1atom
6 Face centered atom × 1/2= 3atom
Total=4atom
Examples
 Metals possessing FCC structure are
 Cu

 Al

 Pb

 Ni

 Co

 etc.
Hexagonal Closed Packed (HCP)

Axial ratio = c/a


Number of atoms/unit cell
N=Nc/6+Nf/2+Ni/1
Where,
Nc= total corner atoms=6+6=12
Nf=total face atoms=1+1=2
Ni=interior or cemtre
atom=1+1+1=3

N=12/6+2/2+3/1=6 atom
Examples
 Metals possessing HCP structure are
 Zinc

 Cadmium

 Beryllium

 Magnesium

 etc.
COORDINATION NUMBER
 Number of nearest atoms directly surrounding
(neighbour) a given atom in a crystal
 Larger the coordination number more closely
packed the crystal is
 COORDINATION NUMBER for different crystal
structures are as follows:
 Simple Cubic=4+2=6
 BCC=8
 FCC=4+4+4=12
 HCP same as FCC
Atomic Packing Factor (APF)
 Defined as ratio of volume of atoms per unit cell to
the volume of unit cell
APF for various crystal structure
BCC, FCC, HCP
Simple cubic structure

r=radius of atom=a/2
2 atoms per unit cell
And r=√3a/4
Therefore,

APF=0.68
Miller Indices
Crystallographic Planes & Directions
Crystallographic Planes
 Layers of atoms or planes along which the atoms
are arranged are known as atomic or
crystallographic planes

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