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Regular Expressions: Theory of Computation CST-352

This document discusses regular expressions and finite automata. It covers how regular expressions provide a declarative way to express patterns in strings, while automata work in a more machine-like manner by accepting or rejecting input strings. Various examples of regular expressions are provided. Kleene's closure and its application to regular expressions is explained. The construction of finite automata equivalent to regular expressions is described using transitions systems and eliminating epsilon moves. Arden's theorem for constructing regular expressions from finite automata is also covered.

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57 views

Regular Expressions: Theory of Computation CST-352

This document discusses regular expressions and finite automata. It covers how regular expressions provide a declarative way to express patterns in strings, while automata work in a more machine-like manner by accepting or rejecting input strings. Various examples of regular expressions are provided. Kleene's closure and its application to regular expressions is explained. The construction of finite automata equivalent to regular expressions is described using transitions systems and eliminating epsilon moves. Arden's theorem for constructing regular expressions from finite automata is also covered.

Uploaded by

aattish
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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THEORY OF COMPUTATION

CST-352

Regular Expressions

1
Regular Expressions vs. Finite Automata
• Offers a declarative way to express the pattern of any
string we want to accept
– E.g., 01*+ 10*

• Automata => more machine-like


< input: string , output: [accept/reject] >
• Regular expressions => more program syntax-like

• Unix environments heavily use regular expressions


– E.g., bash shell, grep, vi & other editors, sed
• Perl scripting – good for string processing
• Lexical analyzers such as Lex or Flex

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Regular Expressions

Regular
expressions
= Finite Automata
(DFA, NFA, -NFA)
Syntactical
expressions Automata/machines

Regular
Languages

Formal language
classes

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Regular Expressions

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RE Examples
• L(001) = {001}
• L(0+10*) = { 0, 1, 10, 100, 1000, 10000, … }
• L(0*10*) = {1, 01, 10, 010, 0010, …} i.e. {w | w has exactly a single 1}
• L((0(0+1))*) = { ε, 00, 01, 0000, 0001, 0100, 0101, …}
• L((0+ε)(1+ ε)) = {ε, 0, 1, 01}
• L(1Ø) = Ø ; concatenating the empty set to any set yields the empty set.
• Rε = R
• R+Ø = R

• Note that R+ε may or may not equal R (we are adding ε to the language)
• Note that RØ will only equal R if R itself is the empty set.

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RE Exercise
Describe the following sets by regular expressions:
• (a) L 1 =the set of all strings of O's and l's ending
in 00.
• (b) L2 = the set of all strings of O's and l's
beginning with 0 and ending with 1.
• (c) L3 ={^, 11, 1111, 111111, ... }.
• Solution:
• a) (0 + 1)* 00
• b) 0(0 + 1)* 1
• c) (11)*

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IDENTITIES FOR REGULAR EXPRESSIONS

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Arden’s Method

Example based on Arden’s theorem

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Kleen’s theorem

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Kleene Closure (the * operator)
• Kleene Closure of a given language L:
– L0= {}
– L1= {w | for some w  L}
– L2= { w1w2 | w1  L, w2  L (duplicates allowed)}
– Li= { w1w2…wi | all w’s chosen are  L (duplicates allowed)}
– (Note: the choice of each wi is independent)
– L* = Ui≥0 Li (arbitrary number of concatenations)
Example:
• Let L = { 1, 00}
– L0= {}
– L1= {1,00}
– L2= {11,100,001,0000}
– L3= {111,1100,1001,10000,000000,00001,00100,0011}
– L* = L0 U L1 U L2 U …

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TRANSITION SYSTEM CONTAINING
MOVES

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CONSTRUCTION OF FINITE AUTOMATA EQUIVALENT
TO A REGULAR EXPRESSION
• Construct the finite automaton equivalent to the
regular expression (0 + 1)*(00 + 11)(0 +1)*

• First of all we construct the transition graph with


moves using the constructions and then we eliminate
–moves.

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Solution

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• Now convert this NDFA to DFA.

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• Construct a DFA with reduced states
equivalent to the r.e. 10 + (0 + 11)0*1.
• Solution:

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DFA to RE construction
DFA Reg Ex
Theorem 1

Informally, trace all distinct paths (traversing cycles only once)


from the start state to each of the final states
and enumerate all the expressions along the way

Example: 1 0 0,1

q0 0 q1 1 q2

(1*) 0 (0*) 1 (0 + 1)*

1* 00* 1 (0+1)*

1*00*1(0+1)*
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RE to -NFA construction
Reg Ex  -NFA
Theorem 2

Example: (0+1)*01(0+1)*

(0+1)* 01 (0+1)*

 


0  
0 
 0 1

 1
  1

 

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What will be the RE if an Automaton
or FA is given.

• Firstly write down the equations for each state


of FA such that each transition should be
marked in the pair of (state, Input symbol).
Note: Null is included in the
equation of start state.

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• By using the Arden’s Theorem:

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Example 2: Construct a regular expression
corresponding to the state diagram described by

Arden’s Theorem

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Arden’s Theorem

Note: If there are more than one final states in the given FA then the Regular
expression of the FA will be union of all the expressions evaluated for different final
states.
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References :

• K.L.P MISHRA,“Introduction to computer


Theory” .
• https://youtu.be/yKOmggxrYmY
• https://youtu.be/cFd3pz5H-TA

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