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Force: Second Year Science

1) Force causes objects to move, change speed or direction. It is measured in Newtons. Common types of force include gravity, magnetism, electricity, and friction. 2) Friction occurs between surfaces in contact and can have advantages like stopping cars from skidding, but also disadvantages like wearing out shoes. Lubricants can reduce friction. 3) Hooke's law states that the extension of a spring is proportional to the applied force. It defines the relationship between force and spring stretch.

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23 views

Force: Second Year Science

1) Force causes objects to move, change speed or direction. It is measured in Newtons. Common types of force include gravity, magnetism, electricity, and friction. 2) Friction occurs between surfaces in contact and can have advantages like stopping cars from skidding, but also disadvantages like wearing out shoes. Lubricants can reduce friction. 3) Hooke's law states that the extension of a spring is proportional to the applied force. It defines the relationship between force and spring stretch.

Uploaded by

api-406307933
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Second Year Science

Force
Force
Stationary: not moving
E

E
move
• Also causes a moving object to: Sir Isaac Newton
– Move more quickly
– Move more slowly
– Change direction
• Unit: Newton (N)
Types of force
1. Gravity: the pull of the earth on
objects. E.g. an apple falling.

2. Magnetic force: attracts metal


objects. Some magnets may
force each other apart too
(repel).
Types of force
3. Electric force: or “static” force.
E.g. rubbing a balloon on your
jumper and it sticks to a wall.

4. Force of friction: E.g.


brakes. Friction between
the wheel and the brake
Types of force
5. Upward thrust: E.g. how a floating object
pushes up through water if you try to
submerge it.
Friction
• All surfaces are rough (even Glass under
microscope
though they don’t seem to be)
• The rough surfaces cause the
force of friction
• Greater roughness = greater
friction

E
motion
Advantages of friction
Driving
• Stops car from skidding and
sliding

Braking
• Friction between brake pad and
the wheel stops bicycles
Carpentry
• Holds nails in wood. They would
slide out without friction.
Disadvantages of friction
Blisters
• from shoes rubbing your feet
Costs fuel
• Friction between the car and air
requires energy to overcome.

Wears out shoes


• Friction between shoes and the
ground means they wear out
Reducing the force of friction
• Smoothing surfaces (polishing)
– but no surface is perfectly smooth
• Use a special material to reduce friction

Lubricant: Used
E
to reduce friction
between two surfaces in contact.

• Examples: oil, liquid polish, soap


Investigating friction in the lab
Equipment
• Spring balance (reading N)
• Blocks of wood
• Sandpaper
• Wood polish
Weight vs. Mass
Weight of an objectE
= the size of the
force of gravity acting on it
• Units: Newtons (N)

Mass of an objectE= the quantity of


matter in it
• Units: kilograms (kg)
THE MASS OF AN OBJECT IS THE SAME
WHEREVER IT IS….BUT ITS WEIGHT DEPENDS
ON GRAVITY

Weight Mass
10
(N) (kg)
How do we draw a graph?

A B
0 0
B 1 5
2 10
3 15
4 20
5 25
(0, 0) A
OP6: Investigating the relationship between the
extension of a spring and the applied force

• Worksheet to convert:
– mass (g) to mass (kg)
– mass (kg) to weight (N)
• GRAPH: relationship b/t
weight (N) & spring
extension (cm)
• Any pattern?
Robert Hooke
HOOKE’S LAW
The extension of an elastic body (a spring) is directly
proportional to the force causing the extension

BUT:
• Put too much force on a
spring and it breaks
• It exceeds its elasticity
• Then Hooke’s law is invalid
Hooke’s Law
BUT:
• Put too much force on a spring and it breaks
• It exceeds its elasticity
• Then Hooke’s law is invalid
Proportional
E
another quantity

A B
0 0
8
1 2
6
2 4
B 4
3 6
2
4 8
0 1 2 3 4
A
Proportional
E
another quantity

X Y
0 0
8
2 5
6
4 10
4
6 15
2
8 20
0 5 10 15 20
NOT Proportional
• Because it does not pass through (0,0)
• However, it is a linear relationship

C D 20
0 4 16
3 8 12
6 12 D 8
9 16 4
12 20
0 3 6 9 12
C
Definition Units

Hooke’s Types of force


law FORCE • Examples

Weight Friction
• Definition • Definition
• Different to mass • Advantages
• Units • Disadvantages
• How to reduce it
Chapter 34:
FORCE
DONE!!

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