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Physiology of Gi Disorders

This document summarizes various gastrointestinal disorders including disorders of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. It discusses conditions such as paralysis of swallowing mechanisms, achalasia, gastritis, peptic ulcers, celiac disease, constipation, and vomiting. It describes the causes, effects, and basic physiology involved in these gastrointestinal disorders.

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871 views22 pages

Physiology of Gi Disorders

This document summarizes various gastrointestinal disorders including disorders of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. It discusses conditions such as paralysis of swallowing mechanisms, achalasia, gastritis, peptic ulcers, celiac disease, constipation, and vomiting. It describes the causes, effects, and basic physiology involved in these gastrointestinal disorders.

Uploaded by

arkabbot
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DR MOHAMMAD NASIR

MBBS(AMC)
LECTURER
PHYSIOLOGY DEPARTMENT
PHYSIOLOGY OF GI DISORDERS
DISORDERS OF OESOPHAGUS
• PARALYSIS OF SWALLOWING MECHANISMS:

• CAUSES:

Damage to 5th 9th and 10th cranial nerve


• Poliomyelitis
• Encephalitis
• Muscle dystrophy
• Myasthenia gravis
• Botulism
• anesthesia
• EFFECTS:
• No swallowing
• Food enter lungs
• Food enter posterior naries

• ACHALASIA AND MEGA OESOPHAGUS:


• Failure of lower oesophageal sphinctor to
relax
• CAUSE:
• Non functioning of the myenteric plexus in
lower third of oesophagus

• MEGAOESOPHAGUS:
• Distended oesophagus associated with
achalasia
DISORDERS OF THE STOMACH
• GASTRITIS:
• Inflammation of the gastric mucosa

• TYPES:
• Acute and chronic
• Superficial and deep
• CAUSES
• Chronic bacterial infections
• Alcohol
• Aspirin

• CONCEPT OF GASTRIC BARRIER:


• Consist of mucus cell and their tight
junctions
GASTRIC ATROPHY:

• CAUSES:
• Chronic gastritis
• Autoimmune

• EFFECTS OF GASTRIC ATROPHY:


• Hypochlorhydria
• Achlorhydria
• Pernicious anemia
PEPTIC ULCER
• Excoriated are of mucosa caused mainly
by gastric juices

• COMMONLY EFFECTED AREAS:


• First few cms of duodenum
• Lesser curveture
• Gastroesophageal sphinctor
• BASIC PHYSIOLOGY OF PEPTIC ULCERATION:
• Imbalance between rate of secretion and degree of
protection
•
• PROTECTIVE FACTORS:
• Mucus production
• Bicarbonates of pancreatic juices
• Bile from the liver
• Reverse enterogastric reflex
• secretin
• CAUSES OF PEPTIC ULCERS:
• H pylori
• Alcohol
• Smoking
• Aspirin

• MARGINAL ULCER:
• Ulcer after gastroduodenostomy of
gastrojejunostomy
PHYSIOLOGFY OF TREATMENT
OF PEPTIC ULCER
• MEDICAL:
• Antibiotics
• H2 receptor blockers
• PPI’S
• Mucaine sucralfates etc

• SURGICAL:
• Vagotomy
• Removal of portion of stomach
DISORDERS OF SMALL
INTESTINE
• ABNORMAL DIGESTION OF FOOD BY THE
SMALL INTESTINE:
• Failure of the pancreas to secrete pancreatic
juices

• OCCURS IN:
• Pancreatitis:acute and chronic
• Pancreatic duct blokage by gallstone
• Pancreas removal
MALABSORBTION BY SMALL
INTESTINE-SPRUE
• NONTROPHICAL SPRUE:
• Celiac disease or gleuten enteropathy

• CAUSE:
• Toxic effects of gluten present in wheat and rye

• EFFECTS:
• Direct destructive effects on microvilli and villi
• TROPHICAL SPRUE:
• Occurs in trophical areas

• CAUSE:
• Infectious agent and treated with antibiotics

• MALABSORBTION IN SPRUE:
• Fats called steatorrhea
• Proteins vitamins

• EFFECTS:
• Nutriional deficency,osteomaslacia and anemia
DISORDERS OF LARGE
INTESTINE
• CONSTIPATION:
• HIRSCHPRUNG DISEASE:
• DIAHORREA:
• Enteritis
• Psychogenic diahorrea
• Ulcerative colitis and crohn disease
OTHER GI DISORDERS
• VOMITING:
• The process by which the GIT get rid of its
content when almost any part of the upper
GI become excessively irritated over
distended or over excitable.
• TRANSMISSION OF IMPULSES:
• AFFARENT IMPULSES: from vagus and
symphathetic nerves bilateral
vomiting centre of medulla
• EFFERENT IMPULSES:
• Vomiting centre 5th,7th,9th,10th and
12th upper GI
• Vomiting centre spinal nerves
diaphram and abdominal muscles
Connections of vomiting centre
• ANTIPERISTALSIS:
• The start of vomiting

• THE VOMITING ACT:


• Deep breath
• Upper oesophageal sphinctor open
• Glottis closed
• Posterior nares closed
• Diaphram and abdominal muscles contract
• CHEMORECEPTOR TRIGGER ZONE:
• Area located bilaterally on the floor of fourth
ventricle
• Its excitation cause vomiting
• EXCITING FACTORS:
• Electrical
• Drugs like opiods
• Motion sickness
• MOTION SICKNESS:
• Vomiting due to rapidly changing
directions
• MECHANISM:
• Labyrinthine receptors vestibular
nuclei cerebellum CTZ
Vomiting centre

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