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Describing Data:: Frequency Tables, Frequency Distributions, and Graphic Presentation

Statistical Economics

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Elwin Michaelraj Victor
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161 views

Describing Data:: Frequency Tables, Frequency Distributions, and Graphic Presentation

Statistical Economics

Uploaded by

Elwin Michaelraj Victor
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Describing Data:

Frequency Tables, Frequency


Distributions, and Graphic Presentation

Topic 2

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2010 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Frequency Table

FREQUENCY TABLE (jadual kekerapan): A


grouping of qualitative data into mutually exclusive
classes showing the number of observations in
each class.

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Bar Charts

BAR CHART (carta palang): A graph in which the


classes are reported on the horizontal axis and the
class frequencies on the vertical axis. The class
frequencies are proportional to the heights of the
bars.

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Bar chart

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Pie Charts

PIE CHART (carta pai): A chart that shows the


proportion or percent that each class represents
of the total number of frequencies.

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Relative Class Frequencies

 Class frequencies can be converted to


relative class frequencies (kekerapan
kelas relatif) to show the fraction or
percentage of the total number of
observations in each class.

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Relative Class Frequencies

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Frequency Distribution

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION A Frequency


(taburan
kekerapan): A grouping of data into mutually
exclusive classes showing the number of
observations in each class.

Can be in tabular or graphical form. Following


is a frequency table:

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EXAMPLE – Creating a Frequency
Distribution Table

Ms. Kathryn Ball of AutoUSA wants to


develop tables, charts, and graphs to
show the typical selling price on various
dealer lots. The following table reports
only the price of the 80 vehicles sold
last month at Whitner Autoplex.

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Constructing a Frequency Table -
Example

 Step 1: Decide on the number of classes.


A useful recipe to determine the number of
classes (k) is the “2 to the k rule.” such that 2k >
n.
There were 80 vehicles sold. So n = 80. If we try
k = 6, which means we would use 6 classes,
then 26 = 64, somewhat less than 80. Hence, 6
is not enough classes. If we let k = 7, then 27
128, which is greater than 80. So the
recommended number of classes is 7.

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 Step 2: Determine the class interval or
width.
The formula is: i  (H-L)/k where i is the class
interval, H is the highest observed value, L is
the lowest observed value, and k is the
number of classes; preferably equal width
($35,925 - $15,546)/7 = $2,911
Round up to some convenient number, such
as a multiple of 10 or 100. Use a class
width of $3,000
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Constructing a Frequency Table -
Example

 Step 3: Set the individual class limits

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 Step 4: Tally the vehicle selling
prices into the classes.

 Step 5: Count the number of items in


each class.

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Relative Frequency Distribution

To convert a frequency distribution to


a relative frequency distribution
(taburan kekerapan relatif), each of
the class frequencies is divided by
the total number of observations.

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Graphic Presentation of a Frequency
Distribution

The three commonly used graphic forms are:


 Histograms
 Frequency polygons (poligon kekerapan)
 Cumulative frequency distributions / ogive (taburan
kekerapan longgokan; ogif)

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Histogram

HISTOGRAM A graph in which the classes


are marked on the horizontal axis and the class
frequencies on the vertical axis. The class
frequencies are represented by the heights of
the bars and the bars are drawn adjacent to
each other; no space between bars.

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Frequency Polygon

 A frequency polygon also shows the


shape of a distribution and is similar to
a histogram.
 It consists of line segments connecting
the points formed by the intersections
of the class midpoints and the class
frequencies.

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Histogram Versus Frequency Polygon

 Both provide a quick picture of the main


characteristics of the data (highs, lows, points of
concentration, etc.)
 The histogram depicts each class as a rectangle,
with the height of the rectangular bar representing
the number in each class.
 The frequency polygon has an advantage over the
histogram. It allows us to compare directly two or
more frequency distributions.

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Cumulative Frequency Distribution

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Cumulative Frequency Distribution
(ogive / cumulative frequency polygon)

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 A set of data consists of 38 observations.
How many classes would you recommend
for the frequency distribution?
 A set of data consists of 45 observations
between $0 and $29. What size would you
recommend for the class interval?
 A set of data consists of 230 observations
between 235cm and 567cm. What size
would you recommend for the class interval?

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 A set of data contains 53 observations. The
lowest value is 42 and the largest is 129. The
data are to be organized into a frequency
distribution.
 (i) How many classes would you suggest?
 (ii) What would you suggest as the lower limit
of the first class?

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