PRESENTED BY RATNADEEP

 A computer networking is a process of connecting two

more than two computers
 the purpose to share data, provide technical support,
and to communicate
 Internet is the technology that is used to connect
different computer systems
 Networking technology has revolutionized the world
and created a new arena for the overall development of
every nation.
 Facility of Technical Support
 Easy Sharing of Data
 Easy Sharing of Hardware Resource
 Easy Sharing Software
 Easy to Decentralize Data Processing
 Easy to Communicate
Local Area Network:
 LAN is the technique of interconnecting a few
computers located in a given premise
 It is normally used for a single business office or a
residential apartment
 The major purpose of such interconnectivity is to
establish a communication system in order to make
the work easier
 some other devices can also be attached such as laser
printers, fax machine, etc
Metropolitan Area Network:
 MAN is a system of network that normally covers a
large metropolitan area (city part)
 It provides high speed Internet services throughout
the area covered within the network
Wide Area Network:
 WAN is a system of network that covers a large
geographical area across the world
 The services of WAN are provided by public
(government) agencies as well as private agencies
 The network also provides the facility to access
databases located remotely
 The WAN system is highly beneficial for MNCs and
other big corporate companies
 Computer network topology is the way various
components of a network are arranged
 The way in which different systems and nodes are
connected and communicate with each other is
determined by topology of the network
 Topology can be physical or logical.
 Physical Topology
 is the physical layout of nodes, workstations and
cables in the network
 Logical Topology is the way information flows
between different components.
 Bus topology is a network type in which every
computer and network device is connected to single
cable.
 When it has exactly two endpoints, then it is
called Linear Bus topology
 It transmits data only in one direction.
 Cables fails then whole network fails
 If network traffic is heavy or nodes are more the
performance of the network decreases
 In this type of topology all the computers are
connected to a single hub through a cable
 This hub is the central node and all others nodes are
connected to the central node.
 Hub acts as a repeater for data flow
 Only that node is affected which has failed, rest of the
nodes can work smoothly.
 If the hub fails then the whole network is stopped
because all the nodes depend on the hub
 It is called ring topology because it forms a ring as
each computer is connected to another computer, with
the last one connected to the first
 A number of repeaters are used for Ring topology with
large number of nodes
 Ex: if someone wants to send some data to the last
node in the ring topology with 100 nodes, then the
data will have to pass through 99 nodes to reach the
100th node. Hence to prevent data loss repeaters are
used in the network.
 the same data is transmitted to all the network nodes
 hence no routing logic is required
 The network is robust, and the its very unlikely to lose
the data
 But it leads to unwanted load over the network.
 This topology can withstand high traffic
 Even if one of the components fails there is always an
alternative present
 So that data transfer doesn’t get affected.
1. Repeater:
 A repeater operates at the physical layer
 Its job is to regenerate the signal over the same
network before the signal becomes too weak or
corrupted
 To extend the length to which the signal can be
transmitted over the same network
 Repeaters is that they do not amplify the signal
2.Hub:
 A hub is basically a multiport repeater
 A hub connects multiple wires coming from different
branches
 Hubs cannot filter data, so data packets are sent to all
connected devices
 Types of Hub
 Active Hub:
 These are the hubs which have their own power supply
and can clean , boost and relay the signal along the
network
 Passive Hub:
 These are the hubs which collect wiring from nodes
and power supply from active hub
3. Bridge:
 A bridge operates at data link layer
 A bridge is a repeater, with add on functionality of filtering
content by reading the MAC addresses of source and
destination
 It is also used for interconnecting two LANs working on
the same protocol
4. Switch:
 A switch is a multi port bridge with a buffer and a design
that can boost its efficiency(large number of ports imply
less traffic) and performance
 Switch can perform error checking before forwarding data,
that makes it very efficient as it does not forward packets
that have errors and forward good packets selectively to
correct port only
5. Routers:
 A router is a device like a switch that routes data
packets based on their IP addresses
 Router is mainly a Network Layer device
 Routers normally connect LANs and WANs together
and have a dynamically updating routing table
6. Gateway:
 A gateway is a passage to connect two networks
together that may work upon different networking
models
 Gateways are also called protocol converters and can
operate at any network layer.
 Ethernet is the most popular physical layer LAN
technology in use today
 It defines the number of conductors that are required
for a connection, the performance thresholds that can
be expected, and provides the framework for data
transmission.
 A standard Ethernet network can transmit data at a
rate up to 10 Megabits per second (10 Mbps)
 The Institute for Electrical and Electronic Engineers
developed an Ethernet standard known as IEEE
Standard 802.3
 The Fast Ethernet standard (IEEE 802.3u) has been
established for Ethernet networks that need higher
transmission speeds
 This standard raises the Ethernet speed limit from 10
Mbps to 100 Mbps
 There are three types of Fast Ethernet:
 100BASE-TX for use with level 5 UTP cable
 100BASE-FX for use with fiber-optic cable
 100BASE-T4 which utilizes an extra two wires for use
with level 3 UTP cable
 Gigabit Ethernet was developed to meet the need for
faster communication networks
 It is also known as “gigabit-Ethernet-over-copper” or
1000Base-T
 It is a version of Ethernet that runs at speeds 10 times
faster than 100Base-T
 It is defined in the IEEE 802.3 standard
 Existing Ethernet LANs with 10 and 100 Mbps cards
can feed into a Gigabit Ethernet backbone to
interconnect high performance switches, routers and
servers
 10 Gigabit Ethernet is the fastest and most recent of
the Ethernet standards
 IEEE 802.3ae defines a version of Ethernet with a
nominal rate of 10Gbits/s that makes it 10 times faster
than Gigabit Ethernet.
 Unlike other Ethernet systems, 10 Gigabit Ethernet is
based entirely on the use of optical fiber connections.
 Finagle is an extensible RPC system for the JVM, used
to construct high-concurrency servers.
 Finagle implements uniform client and server APIs for
several protocols, and is designed for high performance
and concurrency
 Finagle is written in Scala, but provides both Scala and
Java idiomatic APIs.
 Finagle provides a robust implementation of:
 failure detectors, to identify slow or crashed hosts
 failover strategies, to direct traffic away from
unhealthy hosts
 load-balancers, including “least-connections” and
other strategies
 back-pressure techniques, to defend servers against
abusive clients