Telecommunication Network

( OFC Transmission )

Transport Network Group

  DEPLOYMENT OF OPTICAL FIBRE IN
TELECOMMUNICATION

1. INTER OFFICE TRUNKING - LAN

2. TERRESTRIAL LONG HAUL SYSTEMS – Intercity (sw to sw)
3. LOOP FEEDERS - DLC
4. SUBMARINE LONG HAUL SYSTEMS.

 REQUIRMENT OF OPTICAL NETWORKING

1. FIBRE MUST BE CAPABLE OF CARRYING MORE

WAVELENGTHS OVER LARGER DISTANCE.
2. HIGHER BIT RATES
3. POWER LEVELS (HIGHER)
Transport Network Group
What is Fibre?
Connects
Glass medium Transmitter & receiver

Carry
Glass medium Light signals for long
Distances

Benefits:
 High speed data communication in the range of 10gbps
 Less attenuation(signal loss) over long distances
 Reduction in Signal strengthening for long distances
 High bandwidth
 Greater resistance to lightning, electromagnetic induction,
interference
 More privacy- cannot be tapped
 Less maintenance & light weight

Transport Network Group

Components

L/s view C/s view

3 2 1

1. Core
2. Cladding
3. Buffer coating

Transport Network Group

Cable Construction
Cable
Classification
Armored cable
Based on protection
Unarmored cable

Unitube cable
Based on cable design
Multitube cable

Based on configuration 6f, 12f, 24f, 48f,

96f

Transport Network Group

Central tube type design

Steel wire strength member

HDPE sheeth

Fibres bundle

Central tube
Stainless steel tape

Jelly

Transport Network Group

Multi tube type design
Armor
Outer PE sheath
Polyester film
FRP (strength member)
Dummy (fillers)

Multi tubes

Filling compound

Transport Network Group

Color codes
Fiber identification
11 Blue 24 f
2 Orange Unitube Threaded
3 Green
Multi tube
4 Brown
5 Slate
6 White Separated by tubes
7 Red
48 f
8 Black
9 Yellow Unitube Threaded
10 Violet
11 Multi tube
Pink
12 Aqua

Separated by tubes

Transport Network Group

Attenuation
Absorption Loss of signal
Scattering
 Light will be absorbed and  Major cause
converted into heat by glass  Light collides with every
molecules atoms in the glass
 Dopants & residual OH+-  Light may get absorbed by
major absorbents the cladding or get reflected
back to the source
 Occurs strongly around
 So, wavelength to be chosen
1000nm-1600nm
greater for long distance
Factors leading to attenuation
 Micro bends in fibers
 Core cracks
 Kinks & bends – while blowing/pulling
 Poor splicing & routing of fibers
 Improper coiling in joint pits & loop pits
 Poor handling of connectors, patch chords

Transport Network Group

 5 - 190 THz
Cut - off wave length
for single - mode - 50 THz
4

fibre

OH- OH-
3

OH-
2
1
0

0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
Wavelength (m.)
First Window Third Window
Second Window Fourth Window

Transport Network Group

 2. (a) Ist GENERATION OF SYSTEM USED MULTI
MODE FIBRE
OPERATING AT 850 nm. WAVE LENGTH
WINDOW. (short lengths)
(b) IInd GENERATION OF SYSTEM USED SINGAL
MODE FIBRE

 OPERATING AT 1310 nm. SECOND WINDOW

 LOSS IS LESS THAN 0.50 db/km

(c) IIIrd GENERATION OF SYSTEM USES IIIrd

WINDOW WAVELENGTH - 1550 nm.
 LOSS IS LESS THAN 0.20 db/km.
Transport Network Group
 (d) TODAY’S OPTICAL NETWORK USES DWDM IN
3rd WINDOW (THE C - BAND NEAR 1550 nm. )

(e) FUTURE COMMERCIAL SYSTEMS EXPECTED

TO OPERATE IN 4th WINDOW (L-BAND NEAR
1600 nm. )

Transport Network Group

 DISPERSION

DISPERSION IS THE EFFECT OF PULSE WIDENING

OF PULSE WIDTH, WHEN THE OPTICAL PULSE IS
TRANSMITTED OVER LONG OPTICAL FIBER.
(Dispersion is a Vector Quantity – may be –ve or +ve)

DISPERSION DETERMINES THE MAXIMUM

 AVAILABLE BANDWIDTH
 DATA RATE IN FIBRE SYSTEM

Transport Network Group

 THREE TYPES OF DISPERSION ARE PREDOMINATE.

1. MULTI-PATH OR MULTIMODE DISPERSION

2. MATERIAL OR CHROMATIC DISPERSION
3. WAVEGUIDE DISPERSION OR F.S.D.
THE 1st TWO TYPES OF DISPERSION ARE APPLICABLE FOR MM FIBRE

WHILE 2nd AND 3rd TYPE OF DISPERSION ARE APPLICABLE FOR SM

FIBRE

CHROMATIC DISPERSION AND WAVEGUIDE DISPERSION ARE DEPENDS

ON THE R.I. OF THE FIBRE MATARIAL.

Transport Network Group

 DESIGN FEATURES

THE LEVEL OF THE DISPERSION DEPENDS ON

1. DOPING LEVELS OF IMPURITIES

2. THE VALUES OF R.I. DIFFERENCE ()
3. CORE RADIUS (R)

BY USING VARIOUS COMBINATION BETWEEN DOPING LEVEL,

DOPING PROFILES, AND CORE RADIUS, IT IS POSSIBLE TO ACHIEVE
ZERO DISPERSION AT OTHER WAVELENGTH BETWEEN 1300 nm. TO
1600 nm..

Transport Network Group

 TOTAL DISPERSION

TO MINIMISE THE TOTAL DISPERSION IT IS DESIRABLE TO

OPERATE AT WAVELENGTH GREATER THAN 1300 nm. TO
ALLOW THE SMALL POSITIVE CHROMATIC DISPERSION TO
GET CANCLE THE SMALL NEGATIVE WAVEGUIDE
DISPERSION.
AS A RESULT NET DISPERSION IS ZERO.
HOWEVER CURRENT SYSTEM ARE
OPERATING AT 1550 nm. BECAUSE OF
1. LOW ATTENUATION
2. COMPATIBLE WITH EDFA
3. COMPATIBLE WITH DWDM

Transport Network Group

 DISPERSION COMPENSATION MANAGEMENT

AT 1550 NM WINDOW THE DISPERSION IS

17 ps/nm-km ON DISPERSION UNSHIFTED
FIBRE.SO MAXIMUM DISTANCE IS.

Transmission Estimated Maximum

Data Rate Dispersion Distance

(Gb/s) (ps/nm) (km)

2.5 16,640 980
10 1,040 60
40 65 4

Transport Network Group

 ITU RECOGNIZES 4 TYPES OF S.M. FIBRES

1. DISPERSION UNSHIFTED FIBRE

(ITU. RECOMM G-652)

 ITS CHROMATIC DISPERSION MINIMUM AT 1310 nm.

ITS CHROMATIC DISPERSION AT 1550 nm. IS HIGH (17-20 ps/
nm/km)
THIS IS CONVENTIONAL FIBRE

HENCE DISPERSION COMPENSATION IS REQUIRED AT BIT

RATES ABOVE 2.5 Gb/s ON LONG HAUL.

Transport Network Group

 DISPERSION SHIFTED FIBRE

(ITU RECOMM - G - 653)

THIS FIBRE SHIFTS THE MINIMUM CHROMATIC DISPERSION
WAVELENGTH FROM 1310 TO 1550 nm.. IT WAS CONSIDERED
IDEAL FIBER DUE TO ITS
1. LOW DISPERSION
2. LOW ATTENUATION
3. COMPATIBLE WITH EDFA

IT HAS CERTAIN DISADVANTAGE DUE TO NONLINEAR

EFFECTS.

Transport Network Group

  THIS FIBRE CAN OPERATE AT MINIMUM
ATTENUATION AND MINIMUM DISPERSION.

 THIS FIBRE IS CALLED DSF

 ITS PRIMARY APPLICATION FOR SUBMARINE

SYSTEMS.

Transport Network Group

1550 - m. LOSS - MINIMIZED FIBRE (ITU RECOMM - G - 654)

IT HAS VERY LOW LOSS (0.15db/km) AT 1550 nm. WAVELENGTH.

LOW LOSS IS ACHIVED BY USING PURE SILICA GLASS IN THE
FIBRE CORE AND DEEPLY DOWN DOPED SILICA AS FIBRE
CLADDING.
ALSO MAINTAINING A HIGH CUT-OFF WAVELENGTH TO REDUCE
THE FIBRE’S SENSITIVITY TO BENDING BASED LOSSES.
IT IS EXPENSIVE.
ITS MAIN APPLICATION IS IN REPEARTER LESS SUBMARINE
SYSTEMS.

Transport Network Group

NON ZERO DISPERSION SHIFTED FIBRE
(ITU - RECCOM - G - 655)

 THIS FIBRE SPECIALLY DESIGNED FOR USE IN THE LATEST

GENERATION OF AMPLIFIED DWDM SYSTEMS.
ITS DISPERSION CAN EFFECTIVLY HANDLE THE PROBLEM OF FOUR-
WAVE MIXING DUE TO FIBRE NONLINEAR EFFECT.
THIS FIBRE ENSURES THAT INDIVIDUAL CHANNEL RATES OF 10 Gb/s
TO DISTANCE MORE THAN 250 km WITHOUT DISPERSION
COMPENSATION.

Transport Network Group