Scribd
Upload
40 views

Explicit Datatype Conversion: To - Number To - Date

This document discusses various Oracle SQL functions for explicit datatype conversion, formatting numbers and dates as characters, handling null values, and conditional processing. It provides examples of the TO_NUMBER, TO_DATE, TO_CHAR, NVL, and DECODE functions. Nested functions can be used to evaluate multiple functions sequentially from the innermost to outermost level. Functions allow for calculations, data manipulation, and output formatting in SQL queries.

Uploaded by

Prachi Tiwari
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
40 views

Explicit Datatype Conversion: To - Number To - Date

This document discusses various Oracle SQL functions for explicit datatype conversion, formatting numbers and dates as characters, handling null values, and conditional processing. It provides examples of the TO_NUMBER, TO_DATE, TO_CHAR, NVL, and DECODE functions. Nested functions can be used to evaluate multiple functions sequentially from the innermost to outermost level. Functions allow for calculations, data manipulation, and output formatting in SQL queries.

Uploaded by

Prachi Tiwari
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16

Explicit Datatype Conversion

TO_NUMBER TO_DATE

NUMBER CHARACTER DATE

TO_CHAR TO_CHAR
TO_CHAR Function with Dates
TO_CHAR (date, ‘fmt’)

The format model:


• Must be enclosed in single quotation marks and is case
sensitive.
• Can include any valid date format element
Date Format Model Elements

For assignments, Oracle can automatically convert

YYYY Full year in numbers

YEAR Year spelled out

MM 2-digit value for month

M0NTH Full name of the month

DY 3-letter abbreviation of
the day of the week
DAY Full name of the day
Date Format Model Elements

• Time elements format the time portion of the date.

HH24:MI:SS AM 15:45:32 PM

• Add character strings by enclosing them in


double
quotation marks
DD “of” MONTH 12 of OCTOBER

• Number suffixes spell out numbers

ddspth fourteenth
Using TO_CHAR Function with Dates

SQL > SELECT ename,


2 TO_CHAR (hiredate, ‘fmDD Month YYYY’) HIREDATE
3 FROM emp;

ENAME HIREDATE
KING 17 November 1981
BLAKE 1 May 1981
CLARK 9 June 1981
JONES 2 April 1981
MARTIN 28 September 1981
ALLEN 20 February 1981
TO_CHAR Function with Numbers
TO_CHAR (number, ‘fmt’)

Use these formats with the TO_CHAR function to


display a number value as a character

9 Represents a number

0 Forces a zero to be displayed

$ Places a floating dollar sign

L Uses the floating local currency symbol

. Prints a decimal point

, Prints a thousand indicator


Using TO_CHAR Function with Numbers

SQL > SELECT TO_CHAR (sal, ‘$99, 999’) SALARY


2 FROM emp
3 WHERE ename = ‘SCOTT’;

SALARY
$ 3,000
TO_NUMBER and TO_DATE Functions

• Convert a character string to a number format


using the TO_NUMBER function

TO_NUMBER (char)

• Convert a character string to a date format


using the TO_DATE function

TO_DATE (char[, ‘fmt’])


NVL Function

Converts null to an actual value


• Datatype that can be used are date, character, and
number.
• Datatypes must match
– NVL (comm, 0)
– NVL (hiredate, ’01-JAN-97’)
– NVL (job, ‘No Job Yet’)
Using the NVL Function

SQL > SELECT ename, sal, comm, (sal*12) +NVL (comm,0)


2 FROM emp;

ENAME SAL COMM (SAL*12)+NVL(COMM,0)


KING 5000 60000
BLAKE 2850 34200
CLARK 2450 29400
JONES 2975 35700
MARTIN 1250 1400 16400
ALLEN 1600 300 19500
….
14 row selected
Decode Function

Facilitates conditional inquiries by doing the work of a


CASE or IF-THEN-ELSE statement

DECODE (col / expression, search1, result1


[, search2, result1, …….. ,]
[, default])
Using the Decode Function
SQL > SELECT job, sal,
2 DECODE (job, ‘ANALYST’ , SAL*1.1,
3 ‘CLERK’, SAL*1.15,
4 ‘MANAGER’, SAL*1.20,
5 SAL)
6 REVISED_SALARY
7 FROM emp;

JOB SAL REVISED _SALARY


PRESIDENT 5000 60000
MANAGER 2850 34200
MANAGER 2450 29400
….
14 row selected
Nesting Functions
• Single-row functions can be nested to any level.
• Nested functions are evaluated from deepest level to the
least deep level.

F3 (F2 (F1 (col, arg1), arg2), arg3)

Step 1 = Result 1

Step 2 = Result 2
Step 3 = Result 3
Nesting Functions
SQL > SELECT enam,
2 NVL (TO_CHAR (mgr), ‘No Manager’)
3 FROM emp
4 WHERE mgr IS NULL;

ENAME NVL(TO_CHAR (MGR), ‘NO MANAGER’)


KING No Manager
Summary

Use functions to:


• Perform calculations on data
• Modify individual data items
• Manipulate output for groups of rows
• Alter date formats for display
• Convert column datatypes
Practice Overview
• Creating queries that require the use of numeric,
character, and date functions.
• Using concatenation with functions
• Writing case-insensitive queries to test the usefulness of
character functions.
• Performing calculations of years and months of service for
an employee
• Determining the review date for an employee.

You might also like