1.

Introduction to Computer Graphics

•The computer Graphics is one of the most effective way use to communicate the
processed information to the user.
•It displays information in the form of graphics object such as pictures, charts
,graphics etc.
•CG makes it possible to display the data in pictorial form.
•In Computer Graphics pictures or graphics object are presented as collection
of discrete picture elements called pixels.
•Pixel is smallest screen element.
•Each pixel on graphics does not represent mathematical point.
• It represents a region with can contain infinite number of points.
•The CG allows rotation, translation, scaling on the picture before displaying it.
 Image processing as a picture analysis

Image processing can be classified as

Image enhancement: deals with improvement in the image quality.

Pattern detection and recognition: deals with the detection of standard
patterns.
Scene analysis and computer vision: deals with the recognition and
reconstruction of 3D model of scene from several 2D images.
 Advantages of interactive graphics

•Height quality graphics display of a personal computer provide one of the most natural
means of communicating with a computer.

•It has an ability to show moving pictures thus it is possible to produce animation.

•With interactive graphics use can also control animation by adjusting the speed.
•,the amount of detail shown and so on.

•interactive graphics provides the tool called motion dynamics. User can move the object
with respect to stationary observer.

•interactive graphics provides facility called update dynamics. it is possible to change the
shape, colour and other properties of the object being viewed.
 Applications of computer graphics:

•User Interfaces:
Graphical interfaces provide an easy interaction between the user and computer.

•Plotting of graphics and charts:

In Industry, business, education CG is used to create 2D,3D graphs. of mathematical

,physical functions in the form of histograms, pie charts.

•Office automation and desktop publishing:

The desktop publishing allows the user to create documents which contains tables,
graphs, pictures etc.

•Computer aided drafting and design:

Computer aided drafting uses graphics to design components and systems electrical,
mechanical ,electronic devices such as automobile bodies, structures of buildings etc.
•Simulation and animation:

Use of graphics makes mathematical models and mechanical systems easy to study.
Used in production of animated movies.

•Art and commerce:

Used to create artistic pictures which are useful in advertising.

•Process Control:

In industry process systems and processing parameters are shown on computer with
graphics symbol. This makes it easy for operator to control various processing
parameters.

•Cartography:

CG is used to represents the geographical maps, population density maps etc.

 Classification of applications

Uses of computer graphics

Type of object Type of interaction Pictorial representation

2D 3D controllable Non Line Black Colour etc

controllable drwng And img
White
img

Kind of picture role of picture

Use for Use as an

symbolic realistic
representation end product
 Input devices:

Keyboard:

•Used for entering text and numbers.

•It consists of Alphanumeric keys.

1. Function keys.
2. Modifier keys.
3. Cursor movement keys.
4. Numeric keypad.

Mouse:

•Used to position the screen cursor.

Trackball and space ball:

•It can be rotated with fingers to produce screen cursor movement.

•The potentiometer attached to the trackball used to measure the amount and direction
of rotation.

•It is 2D positioning device.

•Space ball provide the six degrees of freedom.

•It consists of strain gauges which measures the amount of pressure applied to space
ball to provide the input for spatial positioning and orientation as the ball is pushed.
Joysticks:

•A Joysticks has a small, vertical lever mounted o the base and used to move the screen
cursor.

•It consists of two potentiometers attached to a single lever.

•Both X and Y coordinate positions can be altered by a motion of a single lever.

Data Glove:

It is used to grasp a virtual object.

It is constructed with a series of sensor that detect hand and finger motion.
Digitizer and Graphical Tablet:

It consists of a flat surface which can detect the position of movable stylus.

•A graphics tablet is a computer input device that enables a user to hand-draw images
and graphics, similar to the way a person draws images with a pencil and paper. These
tablets may also be used to capture handwritten signatures.

• It can also be used to trace an image from a piece of paper

 Image Scanners:

•It is a device which can be used to store drawing ,graphs ,photos available in printed
form for computer processing.

•It stores the image information in specific file called JPEG,BMP etc.

Flatbed scanner:
Sheet fed scanner:

•In this scanner the document is moved and scan head is immobile.

Handheld scanner:

•Relay on the user to move them instead of motorized belt.

Drum scanner:

•the document to be scanned is mounted on a glass cylinder.

Touch Panels:

•Touch Panels allows displayed objects to be selected with the touch of a finger.

•Touch input can be recorded with the optical ,electrical and acoustic methods:

optical touch panels electrical touch panels

 Voice Systems:

•Speech recognizers are used in some graphics systems as input device to accept voice
command.
 Output Devices:

Output Devices can be classified as Video display devices and hardcopy devices.

Video display devices:

The operation of most video monitors is based on the standard Cathode ray Tube.

CRT:
•It is an evacuated glass tube.

•An electron gun at the rear of the tube produces the beam of electrons.

•The inner side of the screen is coated with the phosphor substance which gives of light
when stroked by electrons.

•Deflection system controls the position of dot upon the screen.

•Two techniques are used for producing images on CRT screen.

Vector scan/random scan and

Raster scan
 Vector scan/random scan

•If we want a line connecting the points A and B ,we simply drive the beam deflection
circularly, which will cause the beam to go directly from A to B.
•To move the beam across the CRT ,the information about both magnitude and direction
is required.
 CPU

MOVE
100 I/O port
300
LINE
400 Interaction data Display commands
300
….
…. Display controller CRT
….

Keyboadrd Mouse

Display buffer
memory

Architecture of vector display

It consists of

Display Controller
CPU
Buffer memory
CRT

•Display Controller interprets the commands for plotting points, lines etc.
And sends the point coordinates to vector generator.

•vector generator converts the digital coordinates to analog voltage for beam deflection circuit that
displays an electron beam, writing on the CRTs phosphor coating .

•Phosphor light decays after few milliseconds hence it is necessary to refresh it.
Raster display architecture.
CPU

I/O port

Interaction data Display commands

00000000000000
000111111110000 Display controller

001111111100000
00001100000000
00001100000000 Keyboadrd Mouse
000011000000
video controller T

Refresh buffer
memory
•It consists of CPU, video controller, refresh buffer, keyboard and mouse.
•The display image is stoared in the form of 1s and 0s in refresh buffer.

•Video controller reads the buffer and produces actual image on the screen.

•It holds the intensity values of all the pixels.

•intensity values are retrieved and display on the screen one row at a time.
Co lour CRT monitors:
Two basic techniques are used to produced colour displays.

Beam penetration technique.

•Used with random scan monitors.
•CRT screen is coated with 2 layers of phosphor-RED and Green.
•Beam of slow electrons excites only red phosphor layer and red color is
displayed on the screen.
•Beam of fast electrons excites green phosphor layer and Green color is
displayed on the screen.
•At intermediate speed it will display the combination of red and green.
•It may display yellow and orange colors.
.Merits and demerits:
It is inexpensive
Displays only 4 colors.
Picture quality is not good.
Shadow mask technique.
DVST
It consiste of 2 electron guns:
Primary gun and flood gun.

• Primary gun stores the picture pattern and flood gun maintains the
display of picture on the screen.
• Primary gun produces high speed electrons which strike on the
storage grid to draw the picture pattern.
• As electron beam strikes on storage grid with high speed, it knocks
out electrons from storage grid.
• Those knocks out electrons are attracted towards the collector.
• The low speed electrons from flood gun pass through the control
grid and attracted towards the storage grid.
• Low speed electron penetrate the storage grid and strikes the
phosphor coating of the screen.
Hardcopy devices:

Characteristics:

Dot size.
Addressability
Inter dot distance.
Resolution

Printers:

•Impact printers
•Non Impact printers

Line printers: prints one line at a time.

Drum printers:
Consists of cylindrical drum.
•Drum printer consists of a cylindrical drum.
•One complete set of characters is embossed on all the print positions
on a line.
•The character to be printed is adjusted by rotating drum.
•Char to be printed is transmitted from computer memory to printer
buffer.
•Drum is rotated with very high speed.
•When printer buffer information matches with drum char that char is
printed on paper by striking the hammer on carbon ribbon.
Chain printer:
Chain with embossed character set is used.

Dot matrix printer:

Dot matrix printer prints one char at a time.
Print head consists of array of pins.
As per the char definition pins are moved forward to for a char and they hit
the carbon ribbon in front of the paper thereby printing the char.
electrostatic plotters laser printer

flat bed plotters pen plotters drum plotters

Plotters:
Flat bed plotter:
line printers
drum printers
electrostatic plotters laser printer

flat bed plotters pen plotters drum plotters

LCD Display Technology
flat panel display
DVST
shadow mask' television screen (cathode ray tube) greatly enlarged ...
voice system
light pens structure
electrical touch panels
optical touch panels
drum scanner
hand-held scanner
sheet-fed scanner
flatbed scanner
electrostatic plotters laser printer

flat bed plotters pen plotters drum plotters

laser printers