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Sampling Design

Sampling involves selecting a subset of a population to make inferences about the whole population. The sample should represent the population. There are different sampling techniques including random sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, and systematic sampling. Non-probability sampling techniques like convenience sampling and judgmental sampling are also used. Sampling errors can occur due to biases in selecting the sample or random differences between the selected and non-selected samples. Non-sampling errors arise from mistakes made in the sampling process. Proper sampling techniques and sample size selection can reduce errors.

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81 views

Sampling Design

Sampling involves selecting a subset of a population to make inferences about the whole population. The sample should represent the population. There are different sampling techniques including random sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, and systematic sampling. Non-probability sampling techniques like convenience sampling and judgmental sampling are also used. Sampling errors can occur due to biases in selecting the sample or random differences between the selected and non-selected samples. Non-sampling errors arise from mistakes made in the sampling process. Proper sampling techniques and sample size selection can reduce errors.

Uploaded by

marc0123456
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Sampling is the process of selecting observations


(a sample) to provide an adequate description
and inferences of the population.
 Sample
 Itis a unit that is selected from
population
 Represents the whole population
 Purpose to draw the inference

 Why Sample???
 Sampling Frame
Listing of population from which a sample is chosen
What you What you
want to Population actually
talk about
observe
in the
data

Sampling
Process
Sampling Sample
Frame

Inference
 Allsubsets of the frame are given an equal
probability.
 Random number generators
Advantages:
 Minimal knowledge of
population needed
 Easy to analyze data

Disadvantages:
 Low frequency of use
 Does not use researchers’ expertise
 Larger risk of random error
 Population is divided into two or more groups
called strata
 Subsamples are randomly selected from each
strata
Advantages:
 Assures representation of all groups in
sample population
 Characteristics of each stratum can be
estimated and comparisons made

Disadvantages:
 Requires accurate information on
proportions of each stratum
 Stratified lists costly to prepare
 The population is divided into subgroups (clusters) like
families.
 A simple random sample is taken from each cluster
Advantages:
 Can estimate characteristics of both cluster
and population

Disadvantages:
 The cost to reach an element to sample is
very high
 Each stage in cluster sampling introduces
sampling error—the more stages there are,
the more error there tends to be
 Order all units in the sampling frame
 Then every nth number on the list is selected
 N= Sampling Interval
Advantages:
 Moderate cost; moderate usage
 Simple to draw sample
 Easy to verify

Disadvantages:
 Periodic ordering required
 Carriedout in stages
 Using smaller and smaller sampling units at each
stage
Pr i m a r y Se c o n d a r y
Cl u s te r s Cl u s te r s Si m p l e R a n d o m Sa m p l i n g w i th i n S e co n d a r y Cl u s te

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Advantages:
 More Accurate
 More Effective

Disadvantages:
 Costly
 Each stage in sampling introduces sampling
error—the more stages there are, the more
error there tends to be
 Theprobability of each case being selected from the
total population is not known.

 Units
of the sample are chosen on the basis of
personal judgment or convenience.

 There
are NO statistical techniques for measuring
random sampling error in a non-probability sample.
 A. Convenience Sampling

 B. Quota Sampling

 C. Judgmental Sampling (Purposive Sampling)

 D. Snowball sampling

 E. Self-selection sampling
 Convenience sampling involves choosing respondents
at the convenience of the researcher.

Advantages
 Very low cost
 Extensively used/understood

Disadvantages
 Variability and bias cannot be measured or controlled
 Projecting data beyond sample not justified
 Restriction of Generalization.
 Thepopulation is first segmented into mutually
exclusive sub-groups, just as in stratified sampling.

Advantages
 Used when research budget is limited
 Very extensively used/understood
 No need for list of population elements

Disadvantages
 Variability and bias cannot be measured/controlled
 Time Consuming
 Projecting data beyond sample not justified
 Researcher
employs his or her own "expert”
judgment about.

Advantages
 There is a assurance of Quality response
 Meet the specific objective.

Disadvantages
 Bias selection of sample may occur
 Time consuming process.
 The research starts with a key person and
introduce the next one to become a chain

Advantages
 Low cost
 Useful in specific circumstances & for locating rare
populations

Disadvantages
 Not independent
 Projecting data beyond sample not justified
 Itoccurs when you allow each case usually
individuals, to identify their desire to take part in the
research.

Advantages
 More accurate
 Useful in specific circumstances to serve the purpose.

Disadvantages
 More costly due to Advertizing
 Mass are left
SAMPLING ERRORS
 Theerrors which arise due to the use of
sampling surveys are known as the sampling
errors.

Two types of sampling errors


 Biased Errors- Due to selection of sampling
techniques; size of the sample.
 Unbiased Errors / Random sampling errors-
Differences between the members of the
population included or not included.
 Specific problem selection.
 Systematic documentation of related research.
 Effective enumeration.
 Effective pre testing.
 Controlling methodological bias.
 Selection of appropriate sampling techniques.
 Non-sampling errors refers to biases and
mistakes in selection of sample.

 CAUSES FOR NON-SAMPLING ERRORS


 Sampling operations
 Inadequate of response
 Misunderstanding the concept
 Lack of knowledge
 Concealment of the truth.
 Loaded questions
 Processing errors
 Sample size

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