Republic of the Philippines

Region VI- Western Visayas

Division of Capiz

Jose D. Avelino Jr, National High School

Prepared by: Michael L. Marcelino, Teacher 1

Lesson Objectives
• Define text
• Describe a written text as a connected discourse.
What is text? What is
discourse?
What is text? Write a brief
definition of what a text is.
 Qeworqoiutiqv oiqn
uiuw9v590q38c9r0eroin
btpu09c9we mf9en 8
b3bq4i 09
Is this a text?
IzDIs@tekst
O:nQt
What do the images on the following slides
represent?
Decide whether they constitute a text or
not.
Justify your answer.
Derives from the Latin texere
– to weave
 “Text can be used for both written and
spoken language. It usually refers to a
stretch, an extract or complete piece of
writing or speech. Texts generally adhere
to broad conventions and rules which
determine the language and structure used
in particular text types.”
What determines the structure of a
text?
What form does this structure take?
Is this the same for all texts?
Self-contained
Well-formed
Hang together (cohesive)
Make sense (coherent)
Have a clear communicative purpose
Are recognisable text types
Are appropriate to their contexts of use
Scott Thornbury, Beyond the Sentence, p 19, Macmillan, 2005.
 A discourse is a formal and often lengthy discussion of a
topic, where concepts and insights are arranged in an organized
and logical manner. Also, it refers to the way how language is
used to convey meanings or to propel action or provoke a specific
response. It is often associated with speech, but it may also be
written. It usually serves as a writer’s or a scholar’s analysis of a
concept or theory proposed by another writer.
Purposes of a
discourse.
1.To inform– A discourse that aims to inform provides a descriptive and
comprehensive discussion on the topic. It points out what one should know
about a topic or subject.
2. To persuade – A discourse that aims to persuade tries to convince the
readers that the proposed claim or solution is better than any other
proposal.
3. To entertain – A discourse that aims to amuse provides a source of
entertainment for its readers.
 Analyzing a discourse is usually contextual.
The reader tries to consider several factors that
may have influenced the writer to make certain
claims. Those factors explain the author’s biases,
philosophy, andeducational and professional
backgrounds, among others. Below are three of
those factors.
1. Culture – The beliefs, customs, attitudes, language, and other things that define
culture may influence the author’s perspective on several issues. Knowing about
the culture the author belongs to, the reader may understand his or her biases.
2. Social environment– The author’s physical surroundings and social relationships,
as well as the culture of the time may have influenced his or her writing. For
instance, during the early decades of the 20th century, most writers produced works
that were classified as “modern” because of its distinct feature: stream of
consciousness.
3. Experiences– Personal accounts or first-hand experience of events, though
subjective, establish credibility and reliability of information presented in any
discourse
Types of Discourse
Argumentation– In this type of discourse, the writer aims to
persuade the audience or readers. He or she presents valid
claims or counterclaims, each supported by evidence, to
prove a point. In proving claims, the writer presents studies,
experts’ opinions, and statistical data, among others.
Moreover, an argumentative discourse should appeal to logic
or reason instead of emotion
Example:
A recent study confirmed that playing video games may cause
children to become violent.
However, this is only true for some children. Dr. Charlotte Cooper
and Dr. Markey Vitasa of ABC University explained that children who
manifest a combination of three personality traits―high neuroticism,
disagreeableness, and low levels of conscientiousness―are more likely to
be aggressive toward others after playing video games.
 In order to convince the readers, the
author of the passage mentioned a study to
support his or her claim about video games.
The author did not simply state that video
games may cause children to become violent;
he or she proved it by citing two experts.
Description – This type of discourse is based on the
main impression of the author about the topic or
subject. His or her impression is influenced by prior
knowledge, culture, environment, and experiences,
among others. As the writer describes his or her
observations, it triggers sensory images among
readers.
Example:
When I first saw my childhood friend Margarette, she
was about my younger sister Viv’s height. Her hair was curly
and dark, and her skin was pale. But what really struck me
when I first saw her was her big round blue eyes.
Through the author’s description, the reader can infer
what the person Margarette looks like.
Exposition– This aims to inform, clarify, and
explain a phenomenon. It defines what something is
and provides an in-depth discussion about topics
that are usually less explored. Moreover, it gives
reader instructions on how something is done
Example:
How to set up an email account
1. Choose the web host.
2. Look for the sign up button. Click it.
3. Provide the required information.
4. Think of a unique username and a password. (Tip: For the password, type in uppercase or add
characters.)
5. Start using the newly setup email account.
The passage gives instructions on how to set up an email account. Some examples of an
exposition may be found in some magazine articles or editorials, which usually include life
hacks.
Narration– This type of discourse is like storytelling. It
recalls events chronologically. It is told in the first, second, or
third person point of view. Moreover, its structure may be
linear or nonlinear. A linear structurefollows a typical format:
beginning, middle, end; while a nonlinear structure may start
from the end or in the middle
Example:
I remember the time when I learned how to swim. I was only eight years
old and afraid to bathe in a pool. I envied the kids who played with inflatable balls
and animals. Whenever my family would visit the clubhouse, I would sit beside
the pool and never really jump in to join them. A summer camp opened in our
neighborhood, and my mom thought of enrolling my brother and me in a
swimming class. Two days before the class started, my mom gave me a pep talk;
that made me realize that I did not want to miss out the fun just because I was
afraid.
The passage conveys a person’s experience about learning how to swim.
The events are told chronologically, and the story is told in the first person point
of view.
 Do you
believe in
Forever?
Does connection
affect relation?
Connected Discourse
 Transitional Devices/ Words
Transition words tie two thoughts together and add fluency to
writing. Words such as “although,” “however,” and “for example,”
play an important role to help move smoothly from one paragraph
to another. However, they also help a reader to understand
location, similarities and differences, or main points. There are
several categories of concluding transitions, and understanding
each is important to choosing a good word or phrase for a
sentence or paragraph.
1. I like to go to the opera; in fact, it’s my favorite type of entertainment.
2. No one expected so many people at the party; consequently, we ran out of food.
3. The weather was very bad; even so, the farmer had to milk the cow.
4. The class finished the test early; therefore, they were allowed to read quietly
before the bell.
5. The roof is leaking in the old house; furthermore, the brick is crumbling.
6. The teacher will accept late homework; however, she will take points off of the
grade.
7. Although Tara was the last to leave class, she was the first on the bus.
8. Ed learned from his mistake. Likewise, others can learn from theirs.
9. Even though there was no one home, Walter didn’t feel lonely.
10. It takes a lot of concentration to play the violin. In the same way, the piano
demands the full attention of the pianist.
Activity
Write a text that is composed of 3-4 paragraph
which describes or give information about your
family.
Reference
https://video.quipper.com/assets/en-PH/g11_study_guide_sample-
258606aed0bb97e516703464bf388a9c688d0adfbd280bd7a1ec741
066ee7c5e.pdf