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Polarity: American Polarity Standard European (Or Australian) Polarity Standard

Okay, here are the steps: 1) The Fresnel zone is defined as the area around the reflection point where the path length difference between a ray through the center and a ray at the edge is less than half a wavelength. 2) Consider a ray through the center and a ray at the edge of the Fresnel zone at depth d. The path length difference is given by: ΔL = √(d2 + r2) - d where r is the radius of the Fresnel zone. 3) Setting ΔL = λ/2 and solving for r gives: r2 = (λd/2)2 + λ2/4 4

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Omair Ali
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72 views

Polarity: American Polarity Standard European (Or Australian) Polarity Standard

Okay, here are the steps: 1) The Fresnel zone is defined as the area around the reflection point where the path length difference between a ray through the center and a ray at the edge is less than half a wavelength. 2) Consider a ray through the center and a ray at the edge of the Fresnel zone at depth d. The path length difference is given by: ΔL = √(d2 + r2) - d where r is the radius of the Fresnel zone. 3) Setting ΔL = λ/2 and solving for r gives: r2 = (λd/2)2 + λ2/4 4

Uploaded by

Omair Ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Polarity

 American polarity standard: An increase in


impedance yields positive amplitude .
 European (or Australian) polarity standard:
An increase in impedance yields negative
amplitude ,
 SEG polarity standard: the onset of a
compression from an explosive source is
represented by a negative number, that is, by a
downward deflection when displayed graphically
(Sheriff, 2001).
Measuring changes in pressure

I 2  I1
R pressure 
I 2  I1

American polarity standard


Measuring changes in displacement

I 2  I1
Rdisplacement 
I 2  I1

European polarity standard


Polarity Standards
(from Alistair Brown)
(from
Alistair
Brown)
Resolution

Ability to separate events


- detection versus resolution
Resolution

Discussion: What is the effect of bandwidth on resolution?


Sheriff
Sheriff
Light Beam

Diffraction Pattern
sin2 x
x2

Intensity
b/2 = peak-to-trough distance

b
Kallweit and Wood
Rayleigh’s Criterion

The limit of an instrument to distinguish objects is


when the two images are separated by the
peak/trough distance of the instrument’s diffraction
pattern.

Kallweit and Wood


Limit of Resolution

Resolved Rayleigh’s Limit Unresolved

DECREASING SEPARATION

Kallweit and Wood


Ricker Wavelet Parameters

WAVELET PARAMETERS
Inflection b = wavelet breadth
Points b/2 = peak-to-trough time
T0 = zero crossing time interval
TR = inflection point separation
b

Kallweit and Wood


Ricker’s Limit of Resolution

Ricker’s limit occurs when the time


separation of events is equal to the time
separation between wavelet main lobe
inflection points, TR.

Kallweit and Wood


Comparison of Criteria

FLAT TOP

RESOLVED RAYLEIGH RICKER UNRESOLVED


DECREASING IMAGE SEPARATION

Kallweit and Wood


A

C
Wavelet
Bandwidth
Effects D

F
A
“Good” Wavelet Characteristics:

• Compact in time – short coda


B
• Large main-lobe to side-lobe amplitude
ratio

• Short main-lobe breadth


C

• Short main-lobe to side lobe time

• Zero phase? D
What is the effect of bandwidth and
center frequency on these characteristics?
E
Compare these characteristics for
zero-phase and 90o phase wavelets
with the same amplitude spectrum.
F
Bandwidth

1.
Half-amplitude
point
Amplitude

FB

0.
0. Fc 100.
Frequency (Hz)
Backus Criterion
Dirac-delta function

to
“Delta-ness”
D = 1/(Σ Wi (t-to)2)
Discussion
• What does a 90o phase shift do to delta-
ness?

• Discuss the comparative resolution of zero


phase and 90o phase wavelets, minimum
phase, mixed phase, and integrated
wavelets.
Pulsewidth
tB
tB = 1/FB
tC = 1/FC A
A/2

TIME
TUNING THICKNESS

( )

Why the factor of 2?


Synthetic Wedge Model
Brown
Effect of Side
Lobes on
Tuning Curve
Behavior

Brown
Integration and Differentiation of
Wavelets
Integration and Differentiation of
Wavelets
• Integration is a low-pass filter (1/f)

• Differentiation is a low-cut filter (f)


Impedance Ramp
• A ramp in impedance results in many
small reflection coefficients of the same
sign
Impedance Reflectivity
Profile Series

• When convolved with the wavelet, this


smooths the wavelet
• If the ramp is longer than the wavelet, it
integrates the wavelet
Isolated Layer
• An single isolated layer imbedded in the same
material above and below has reflectivity that is
an impulse pair (equal and opposite reflection
coefficients).
Impedance Reflectivity
Profile Series

• This is called a “first-difference” filter which has


an effect similar to differentiation.
• Acts as a low cut filter.
Question: Why are gas sand reservoirs frequently higher frequency than nearby
reflections?
Neidel and Poggiagiolmi
Neidel and Poggiagiolmi
Wavelet Shapes 3.B.1

Possible Seismic Signatures

Integral

Basic
Wavelet

1st
Derivative

2nd
Derivative

0
time Hilterman, 2003
Bed Geometry Responses 3.B.2

Timing, Scale and Shape


Velocity

14222 ft/s
6000 ft/s
8000 ft/s

10666 ft/s

Timing Bed Scalar Shape Limit

Thick 1 Basic b>

4b
Thin Derivative b < /8
bed

 bed
Ramp Integral b>
4 b
b = bed thickness
bed = Vbed x Dominant Period
Hilterman, 2003
Exercise
• Convolve the series (…1,-1,1,-1,1,-1,1,-1…)
with (1,1)
• Can the original time series be reconstructed
by convolving the output with the inverse of
(1,1)?
• Is there any way to calculate the original time
series?
Question

Can resolution be improved


without increasing frequency?
Discussion
• Can one “decrypt” high-frequency
information from encoded low-frequency
information?

• What is needed to recover “lost”


frequencies?
Spectrum of
high-resolution
seismic

frequency
Fresnel Zone

•That part of a reflecting interface


which returns energy within ½ cycle

•Separate events within a Fresnel


Zone cannot be resolved
Exercise
Show that the width of a Fresnel zone is:

W = (2d + 2/4)1/2

where d is depth and  is wavelength.

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