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Instrumentation

The document discusses instrumentation amplifiers, which are used to measure signals from transducers. It describes: 1) Instrumentation amplifiers are used to amplify small differential voltages from transducers while rejecting common mode voltages. They have high input impedance, low output impedance, and high common mode rejection. 2) Instrumentation amplifiers can be used with both passive and active transducers. They amplify the differential voltage of interest while rejecting common mode voltages from the transducer or its connections. 3) Key parameters of instrumentation amplifiers are their differential and common mode input impedances, common mode rejection ratio, and committed differential gain. Three op-amp designs can improve these parameters

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ilias ahmed
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234 views16 pages

Instrumentation

The document discusses instrumentation amplifiers, which are used to measure signals from transducers. It describes: 1) Instrumentation amplifiers are used to amplify small differential voltages from transducers while rejecting common mode voltages. They have high input impedance, low output impedance, and high common mode rejection. 2) Instrumentation amplifiers can be used with both passive and active transducers. They amplify the differential voltage of interest while rejecting common mode voltages from the transducer or its connections. 3) Key parameters of instrumentation amplifiers are their differential and common mode input impedances, common mode rejection ratio, and committed differential gain. Three op-amp designs can improve these parameters

Uploaded by

ilias ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Instrumentation Amplifiers

Passive Transducer Measurement Configuration:


For passive transducers in a bridge configuration the voltage of interest is the
differential voltage e = VB - VA
Therefore need a difference amplifier with a committed adjustable gain Ad
Want Vo = Ad(VB - VA) = Ad e

VCM = VA  VB E
 R
2 2 R+DR

Want to reject VCM

R R
IA

Vo = Ad e
Instrumentation Amplifiers:

Active Transducer Measurement Configuration:


For an active transducer the differential voltage e
created by the transducer is of interest
Therefore need a difference amplifier
with a committed adjustable gain Ad
Want Vo = Ad e
Surface whose temperature IA
is to be measured may be at
some non-zero potential (VCM)
relative to ground
Vo = Ad e
Want to reject VCM
Instrumentation Amplifiers:
Transducer and Instrumentation Amplifier (IA) Circuit Model:
IA has a committed adjustable differential gain Ad
If e is the differential voltage of interest (vid)
IA
Want Vo = Ade
Want a high CMRR to reject VCM
Want high Zin and low Zout
Zd is the
differential input impedance (1 - 100 MW)
ZCM is the
common mode input impedance (100 MW)
IA not an op-amp
• Op amp open loop uncommitted gain
• IA closed loop committed gain
• IA has higher Zin and CMRR
• IA has lower Vos and Ibias and drift with temperature
R1 and R2 are the source impedances of input transducer - R1 may not equal R2
Instrumentation Amplifiers:
Transducer (Sensor) and Instrumentation Amplifier
Common Mode Voltage Equivalent Circuit:

A Set e = 0

Unwanted parasitic differential voltage Vp produced by VCM


due to imperfections in the transducer and/or transducer connections.
If bridge is balanced Vp = 0 If bridge is not balanced Vp ≠ 0
Vp will contaminate Vo Vo ≠ Ad e Vo = Ad (e + Vp)
Therefore even if the IA has an infinite CMRR (i.e ACM =0)
still have a common mode output voltage error
Instrumentation Amplifiers:
Transducer (Sensor) and Instrumentation Amplifier
Common Mode Voltage Equivalent Circuit:

A Set e = 0

Assuming the worst case imbalance:


R1 = 0
B

Circuit becomes →
Usually specified with a 1kW
source impedance imbalance
Instrumentation Amplifiers:

Ad
IA CMMR = A CM

VCM B
Circuit CMRR = Vp

Increasing ZCM reduces


Vp
Instrumentation Amplifiers:

Differential Amplifier: (Single op-amp instrumentation amplifier)


To obtain vo in terms of v1and v2 use superposition theorem
Instrumentation Amplifiers:

Differential Amplifier: (Single op-amp instrumentation amplifier)


Short input to v2 (Inverting Configuration)
Instrumentation Amplifiers:
Differential Amplifier: (Single op-amp instrumentation amplifier)
Short input to v1 (Noninverting Configuration)
Instrumentation Amplifiers:

Differential Amplifier: (Single op-amp instrumentation amplifier)


To obtain vo in terms of v1and v2 use superposition theorem
Instrumentation Amplifiers:

Differential Amplifier: (Single op-amp instrumentation amplifier)


Differential Input Impedance: Rin, Rid, Zid, Zd

Zd = 2R1 Zd is limited
Instrumentation Amplifiers:

Transducer and Differential Amplifier Circuit Model:


External Circuit Instrumentation Amplifier

Op Amp

CMRR, Zd and ZCM are important attributes of an IA.


Instrumentation Amplifiers:

Transducer and Differential Amplifier


Common Mode Voltage Equivalent Circuit:

A
D
RS2 RS1

D B
Ri2+ Rf2
Ri1+ Rf1 + Ro

ZCM

Can assume Ro = 0

CMRR, Zd and ZCM are important attributes of an IA.


Instrumentation Amplifiers:

Three Op Amp Instrumentation Amplifier:


CMRR and Zin are very important attributes of an IA
Can increase Zin of difference amplifier configuration by adding unity gain buffers
or buffers with gain
Instrumentation Amplifiers:
Three Op Amp Instrumentation Amplifier:
CMRR and Zin are very important attributes of an IA
Can increase Zin of difference amplifier configuration by adding buffers
Common mode signals are not amplified if common R1 is used and
connection to ground is removed.
Instrumentation Amplifiers:

Transducer and Three Op Amp IA Circuit Diagram:

External Circuit Instrumentation Amplifier

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