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Solar

This document describes different types of instruments used to measure solar radiation. It discusses pyrheliometers, which measure direct beam radiation; pyranometers, which measure total hemispherical solar radiation; and sunshine recorders, which measure the duration of bright sunshine. Some examples of specific instruments are provided, such as the Eppley pyrheliometer and pyranometer, Angstrom pyrheliometer, and Abbot silver disk pyrheliometer. The operating principles and key features of different instrument types are summarized.

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Vinay Maisuriya
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393 views

Solar

This document describes different types of instruments used to measure solar radiation. It discusses pyrheliometers, which measure direct beam radiation; pyranometers, which measure total hemispherical solar radiation; and sunshine recorders, which measure the duration of bright sunshine. Some examples of specific instruments are provided, such as the Eppley pyrheliometer and pyranometer, Angstrom pyrheliometer, and Abbot silver disk pyrheliometer. The operating principles and key features of different instrument types are summarized.

Uploaded by

Vinay Maisuriya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Solar Radiation Measuring instruments

Classification
1. Pyrheliometer: It is the solar radiation measuring instrument
which collimates the radiation to determine the beam intensity as a
function of incident angle.
1. Angstrom Pyrheliometer
2. Abbot Silver disc Pyrheliometer
3. Eppley Pyrheliometer
2. Pyranometer: It is the solar radiation measuring instrument which
measure the total hemispherical solar radiation.
1. Eppley Pyranometer
2. Yellot Solarimeter (Photo Voltraic Solar Cell)
3. Moll – Gorczyheski solarimeter
4. Bimetallic Actiono graphs of Rabitzsch type
5. Velochme pyranometer
6. Thermoelectric pyranometer
3. Sun shine Recorder
Pyrheliometer
 Measures Beam Radiation
 Sensor disc is located at the base of a tube whose axis is
aligned with the direction of the sun’s rays.
 Diffused radiation is essentially blocked from the sensor
surface. A collimator tube is installed over the sensor with
circular cone angle 50 .
 Works on “Thermopile effect”
 Sun tracking system is necessary.
 Problems with instruments:
 Imprecision in tracking mechanism
 Imprecision in measurement due to aperture angle and circular solar
contributions
Eppley Pyreheliometer
Angstrom Compensation Pyrheliometer
Contd..
 A thin blackened shaded manganin strip is heated electrically
until it is at the same temp. as a similar strip which is exposed
to solar radiation.
 Thermocouples on the back of strips measure the temperature
of the strips.
 One strip exposed to the Sun.
 One strip heated by an electric current until it is the same
temperature as the strip exposed to the sun.
 When balanced, the energy absorbed by strip from Sun is
equal to the energy absorbed by strip from electric current.
 Accuracy: ±1.0 to 1.5%
 Energy H of direct radiation is calculated by means of formula
HDN = Ki2 =R / Wα
HDN = Direct radiation incident on a n area normal to sun’s rays
R = resistance per unit length of the absorbing strip
i = heating current in amperes, W = the mean width of absorbing
strip, α = absorbing co – efficient of the absorbing strip
Abbot Silver disk Pyrheliometer
 Consists of a blackened silver disk positioned at the lower end
of a tube with diaphragm to limit the whole aperture to 5.7 0 .
 A mercury in the glass thermometer is used to measure the
temperature at the disk.
 A shutter made of three polished metal leaves is provided at
the upper end of the tube to allow solar radiation to fall on the
disk at regular intervals and the corresponding changes in
temperature of disk are measured.
 A thermometer stem is bent through 90 so that it lies along the
tube to minimize its exposure to the sun.
 Very good stability
 Widely used for calibrating pyranometer.
Eppley Pyrheliometer
 Sensitive element is a temperature compensated 15 junction
bismuth silver thermopile mounted at the base of a brass tube
with limiting diaphragms of which subtend an angle of 5.7.
 The tube is filled with dry air and is sealed with a crystal quartz
window which is removable.
 Stable instrument
 Used as a sub standard.
Pyranometer
 Measures total or global radiation over a hemispheric field of
view.
 If a shading ring is attached the beam radiation is prevented
from falling on the instrument sensor.
 Sun radiation fall on black surface
 Cold junction is located in such a place where it doesn’t
receive the radiation
 e.m.f. proportional to solar radiation is generated.
 + 2 % accuracy
Eppley pyranometer
Yellot Solarimeter ( Photovoltaic Solar Cell)
 Silicon cell are used.
 Silicon solar cell have the property that their light current
is a linear function of the incident solar radiation.
Sunshine Recorder
 The duration of bright sunshine is measured by means of
sunshine recorder.
 Sun’s rays are focused by a glass sphere to point in a card
strip held in a groove in a spherical bowl mounted
concentrically with the sphere.
 Whenever there is sunshine image formed is intense enough
to burn the spot on the card strip.
 With the sun images moves along the strip during the day.
 Burnt space whose length is proportional to the duration of
sunshine.
Sunshine recorder

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