Bohr’s Model of

the Atom
Bohr’s Model

Why don’t the electrons fall into

the nucleus?
e- move like planets around the
sun.
They move in circular orbits at
different levels.
Amounts of energy separate
one level from another.
Bohr postulated that:
 Fixed energy related to the orbit
 Electrons cannot exist between orbits
 The higher the energy level, the further
it is away from the nucleus
 An atom with maximum number of
electrons in the outermost orbital
energy level is stable (unreactive)
How did he develop his theory?

He used mathematics to explain

the visible spectrum of hydrogen
gas
 Electromagnetic Spectrum High
Low
energy energy
Radio Micro Infrared Ultra- X- Gamma
waves waves . violet Rays Rays
Low High
Frequency Frequency
Long Short
Wavelength Wavelength
Visible Light
The line spectrum

 Electricity passed
through a gaseous
element emits light
at a certain
wavelength
 The colors can be
seen when passed
through a prism
 Every gas has a
unique pattern
(color)
 Fifth
Further away
Fourth from the
Increasing energy

Third nucleus
means more
Second energy.
There is no “in
First between”
energy
Line spectrum of various elements
Electrons orbiting closest to the nucleus are said
to be in the lowest energy state called the
ground state
Atoms can absorb an amount of energy
This promotes an electron to a higher energy
level called the excited state
This energy level is unstable and so the electron
will fall back to its ground state
When it does this, the excess energy will be
emitted as light
 When the e- falls from one energy level to another, an amount of
energy is emitted as light
 This light emitted at specific wavelengths, which corresponds to our
atomic spectra
 Each atom will have different electron “jumps” therefore emitting
different amounts of energy as light
 This creates different line spectra for various elements
 Let’s watch this video

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emistry/chang7/esp/folder_struct
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 More videos (view OYO)

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 Bohr’s Triumph

 His theory helped to explain periodic law

 Halogens are so reactive because it has one e- less than a
full outer orbital
 Alkali metals are also reactive because they have only one
e- in outer orbital
Drawback

Bohr’s theory did not

explain or show the
shape or the path
traveled by the e-.
His theory could only
explain hydrogen and
not the more complex
atoms
 The Quantum Mechanical
Model
Energy is quantized – meaning it comes in
chunks.
A quanta is the amount of energy needed to
move from one energy level to another.
Since the energy of an atom is never “in
between” there must be a quantum leap in
energy.
An equation has been developed that
described the energy and position of the
electrons in an atom
 Atomic Orbitals

Principal Quantum Number (n) = the

energy level of the electron.
Within each energy level the complex
math equation describes several
shapes.
These are called atomic orbitals
Orbitals are regions where there is a high
probability of finding an e-
S sublevel

1 s orbital for every energy level

1s 2s 3s
Spherical shaped
Each s orbital can hold 2 electrons
Called the 1s, 2s, 3s, etc.. orbitals
 P sublevel

 Start at the second energy level

 3 different directions
 3 different shapes
 Each orbital can hold 2 electrons
 The p Sublevel has 3 p orbitals
The D sublevel contains 5 D orbitals

 The D sublevel starts in the 3rd energy level

 5 different shapes (orbitals)
 Each orbital can hold 2 electrons
 The F sublevel has 7 F orbitals

 The F sublevel starts in the fourth energy level has seven

different shapes (orbitals)
 2 electrons per orbital
Summary

Sublevel # of Orbitals # e- in Starts in what

sublevel energy level
s 1 2 1
p 3 6 2
d 5 10 3
f 7 14 4
 Electron Configurations
 The way electrons are arranged in atoms.
 Aufbau principle- e- enter the lowest energy first.
 This causes difficulties because of the overlap of orbitals of
different energies.
 Pauli Exclusion Principle- at most 2 e-per orbital with
different spins
 Hund’s Rule- When e- occupy orbitals of equal energy
they don’t pair up until they have to .
 7p 6d
7s 6p 5f
5d
6s 5p 4f
4d
5s
4p
Increasing energy

4s 3d
3p
3s
2p
2s

1s
 Orbitals fill in order

 Lowest energy to higher energy.

 Adding electrons can change the energy of the
orbital.
 Half filled orbitals have a lower energy.
 Makes them more stable.
 Changes the filling order
 7p 6d
7s 6p 5f
5d
6s 5p 4f
4d
5s
Increasing energy

4p
4s 3d
3p Electron Configuration
3s for phosphorus
2p The first two electrons
2s go into the 1s orbital
Notice the opposite
spins
1s only 13 more
 7p 6d
7s 6p 5f
5d
6s 5p 4f
4d
5s
Increasing energy

4p
4s 3d
3p The next electrons
3s
go into the 2s orbital
2p
2s only 11 more

1s
 7p 6d
7s 6p 5f
5d
6s 5p 4f
4d
5s
Increasing energy

4p
4s 3d
3p • The next electrons go
3s
into the 2p orbital
2p
2s • only 5 more

1s
 7p 6d
7s 6p 5f
5d
6s 5p 4f
4d
5s
Increasing energy

4p
4s 3d
3p • The next electrons go
3s
into the 3s orbital
2p
2s • only 3 more

1s
 7p 6d
7s 6p 5f
5d
6s 5p 4f
4d
5s
Increasing energy

4p
4s 3d
3p • The last three electrons
3s go into the 3p orbitals.
2p • They each go into
2s separate shapes
• 3 unpaired electrons
1s • 1s22s22p63s23p3
Write these electron onfigurations
 Titanium

 Vanadium
 Chromium
 Copper
 Electron Configurations
2 2 6 2 6 2 2
 Titanium - 22 electrons 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d


2 2 6 2 6 2 3
Vanadium - 23 electrons 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d


2 2 6 2 6 2 4
Chromium - 24 electrons 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d
 Expected. But, this is wrong!!
2 2 6 2 6 1 5
 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d
2 2 6 2 6 2 9
 Copper – 29 electrons 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d
 Actual configuration is
2 2 6 2 6 1 10
 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d
 Why are chromium and copper configurations different?
 This gives two half filled orbitals for chromium and one
completely full and one half filled orbital for copper.
 Slightly lower in energy.
 Remember these exceptions
 Practice
Electron Configuration for Some Selected Elements
Orbital filling
Element 1s 2s 2px 2py 2pz 3s Electron Configuration
H
He
Li
C
N
O
F
Ne
Na