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Applet

The document introduces Java applets and their key characteristics: - Applets run in an applet container like a web browser or applet viewer. They are embedded in web pages using HTML. - Every applet must extend the JApplet class and override methods like init(), start(), paint(), stop(), destroy() that define its lifecycle. - Applets are restricted by the security sandbox but can be digitally signed to request additional privileges from the user.

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132 views

Applet

The document introduces Java applets and their key characteristics: - Applets run in an applet container like a web browser or applet viewer. They are embedded in web pages using HTML. - Every applet must extend the JApplet class and override methods like init(), start(), paint(), stop(), destroy() that define its lifecycle. - Applets are restricted by the security sandbox but can be digitally signed to request additional privileges from the user.

Uploaded by

Smk Plus Muta'allimin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Applets

1
Applications

• Programs that execute using the java


interpreter
• Executes in command windows

2
Applets

• Program that runs in


– appletviewer (test utility for applets)
– Web browser (IE, Communicator)
• Executes when HTML (Hypertext Markup
Language) document containing applet is
opened

3
(C) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
reserved.
A First Java Applet
• To compile: javac WelcomeApplet.java
– creates WelcomeApplet.class

• To execute:
– create Welcome.html
<html>
<applet code="WelcomeApplet.class" width=300 height=45>
</applet>
</html>
- In Command Prompt
>appletviewer Welcome.html

5
(C) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
reserved.
• Class JApplet (package javax.swing) is used to create
applets.
• Every applet contains at least one public class declaration.
• An applet container can create only objects of classes that are
public and extend JApplet (or its superclass Applet).
• An applet container expects every applet to have methods named
init, start, paint, stop and destroy, each of which is
declared in class JApplet.
– These methods can be overridden (redefined) to perform tasks that are
specific to your applet.
• When an applet container loads class WelcomeApplet, the
container creates a WelcomeApplet object, then calls its
methods init, start and paint in sequence.
• Inheriting the “default” versions of these methods guarantees that
the applet container can execute each applet uniformly.
(C) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
reserved.
• Override method paint to draw on an applet.
• Method paint receives a parameter of type
Graphics, which is used to draw graphics on
the applet.
• The applet container calls paint to tell the
applet when to draw, and the applet container
is responsible for passing a Graphics object
as an argument.

(C) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights


reserved.
• Applets are embedded in web pages for execution in an
applet container (appletviewer or a browser).
• You must create an XHTML document that specifies
which applet to execute in the applet container.
• An applet element tells the applet container to load a
specific applet and defines the size of its display area
(its width and height in pixels) in the applet container.
• The applet and its corresponding XHTML document
are normally stored in the same directory on disk.

(C) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights


reserved.
• When an applet container encounters an applet
element in an XHTML document, it loads the
applet’s .class file (or files) from the same
location that contains the XHTML document.
• The applet element has several attributes.
• Attribute code indicates the applet’s .class
file.
• Attributes width and height specify the
dimensions of the applet.
(C) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
reserved.
(C) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
reserved.
• Five applet methods are called by the applet
container from the time the applet is loaded
into the browser to the time it’s terminated by
the browser.
• These methods correspond to various aspects
of an applet’s life cycle.
• Figure 23.8 lists these methods, which are
inherited into your applet classes from class
JApplet.
(C) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
reserved.
(C) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
reserved.
(C) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
reserved.
(C) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
reserved.
(C) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
reserved.
(C) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
reserved.
(C) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
reserved.
(C) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
reserved.
• For security reasons, it’s generally considered
dangerous to allow applets or any other program
that you execute from a web browser to access
your local computer.
• So, you must decide whether you trust the source.
• Most of what you do with your web browsers
requires you to trust the sites you visit and to trust
the organizations that maintain those sites.

(C) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights


reserved.
• Applets are typically downloaded from the Internet.
• What would happen if you downloaded a malicious applet?
• A browser downloads and executes a Java applet automatically—the
user is not asked for approval.
• In fact, an applet typically downloads without the user’s knowledge—
it’s just another element of the web page the user happens to be visiting.
• To combat malicious code, the Java platform uses a so-called sandbox
security model that provides a mechanism for executing downloaded
code safely.
• Such code executes in the “sandbox” and is not allowed to “play
outside the sandbox.”
• By default, downloaded code cannot access local system resources, and
an applet can interact only with the server from which the applet was
downloaded.

(C) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights


reserved.
• The sandbox makes it difficult for applets to perform useful
tasks.
• It’s possible, however, for an organization that wishes to create
applets with access to the local system to obtain a security
certificate (also called a digital certificate) from one of several
certificate authorities.
• Can then use tools provided with the JDK to “digitally sign” an
applet that requires access to local system resources.
• When a user downloads a digitally signed applet, a dialog
prompts the user asking whether he or she trusts the applet’s
source.
• If so, only then will the applet be able to access to the local
computer’s resources.

(C) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights


reserved.
• Java Web Start is a framework for running
downloaded applets and applications outside the
browser.
• Typically, stored on a web server for access via
the Internet, but can also be stored on an
organization’s network for internal distribution, or
even on CDs, DVDs or other media.
• Java Web Start enables you to ask the user if a
downloaded program can have access to the
resources of the user’s computer.
(C) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
reserved.
Applet Parameter

<APPLET CODE="ParameterExample" WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=100> <param


name="param1" value="HelloAppletParameter”> <param
name="param2" value=”3”> <param name="param3"
value="2”> </APPLET>
import java.awt.*;
import javax.Swing.*;
public class ParameterExample extends JApplet
{ String parameter1; // the first HTM parameter as a String
int parameter2; // the second one we will use as an integer
int parameter3; // third one too int result; // we'll add param2 and param3

public void init() { // This method will get the specified parameter's value // out of the HTML code that is
calling the applet.
parameter1 = getParameter("param1"); // Since those are read as text we need to transform them // to
integers
parameter2 = Integer.parseInt(getParameter("param2"));
parameter3 = Integer.parseInt(getParameter("param3"));
result = parameter2 + parameter3; }

public void paint(Graphics g) { // Shows what was in the HTML param code. g.drawString("Parameter 1 is: " +
parameter1,20,20);
g.drawString("Parameter 2 is: " + parameter2,20,40);
g.drawString("Parameter 3 is: " + parameter3,20,60);
g.drawString("Parameter 2 + parameter 3 is: " + result,20,80);
}
}
Draw a sin(x) Function
import java.awt.*;
import java.applet.*;
import javax.swing.*;

public class FuncApplet extends JApplet {


Color dc; //the drawing color
//initialize the drawing color
public void init(){
dc = Color.BLACK;
String colorParameter;
if((colorParameter = getParameter("drawcolor")) != null) //get parameter from html code
dc = parseColor(colorParameter);
}
public Color parseColor(String c){ //simply accept blue and red, otherwise use default color
if (c.equals("blue")) return Color.BLUE;
else if (c.equals("red")) return Color.RED;
return Color.BLACK;
}
//the function to be drawn
double f(double x) {
return (Math.sin(x))*(getSize().height/2)+getSize().height/2;
}
public void paint(Graphics g) {
g.setColor(dc);
for (int x = 0 ; x < getSize().width; x++) { //draw the function
g.drawLine(x, (int)f(x*1.0/getSize().width*2*3.14), (x + 1), (int)f((x + 1)*1.0/getSize().width*2*3.14));
}
}
}
<html>
<body>
<applet code = "FuncApplet.class" height = 300 width = 300>
<param name = "drawcolor" value = "blue" >
</applet>
</body>
<html>
• Desktop integration: Users can launch robust applets and
applications by clicking a hyperlink in a web page, and can
quickly and easily install the programs on their computers.
– Can be configured to ask the user if a desktop icon should be created so
the user can launch the program directly from the desktop.
– Downloaded programs can also have an “offline mode” for execution
when the computer is not connected to the Internet.
• Automatic updating: Java Web Start programs are downloaded
and cached (stored) on the user’s computer. The next time the
user executes that program, Java Web Start launches it from the
cache. If the program has been updated, Java Web Start can
automatically download the updates, so a user always has the
most up-to-date version.
– This makes installation and updating software simple and seamless to
the user.

(C) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights


reserved.
• Draggable applets: New in Java SE 6 Update
10. With a small change to the applet
element that invokes an applet from an
XHTML document, you can allow users to
execute an applet in its own window by
holding the Alt key and dragging the applet out
of the web browser. The applet continues to
execute even after the web browser closes.

(C) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights


reserved.
• A Java Network Launch Protocol (JNLP) document
provides the information that Java Web Start needs in
order to download and run a program.
• Must package your program in one or more Java
archive (JAR) files that contain the program’s code and
resources.
• By default, programs launched via Java Web Start
execute using the sandbox security model.
• If the user gives permission, such programs can access
the local file system, the clipboard and other services
via the JNLP APIs of package javax.jnlp.

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reserved.
• To package the JDK’s DrawTest demonstration applet so
that you can execute it via Java Web Start, you must first
wrap the applet’s .class files and the resources it uses (if
any) into a Java archive (JAR) file.
• In a command window, change to the DrawTest directory,
as you did in Section 23.2.
• Once in that folder, execute the following command:
– jar cvf DrawTest.jar *.class
• creates a JAR file in the current directory named
DrawTest.jar containing the applet’s .class files.
• If the program had other resources, you’d simply add the
file names or the folder names in which those resources are
stored to the end of the preceding command.

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reserved.
• The letters cvf are command-line options to the
jar command.
• The c option indicates that the command should
create a new JAR file.
• The v option indicates that the command should
produce verbose output so you can see the list of
files and directories being included in the JAR
file.
• The f option indicates that the next argument in
the command line (DrawTest.jar) is the new
JAR file’s name.
(C) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
reserved.
(C) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
reserved.
• Next, create a JNLP document that describes
the contents of the JAR file and specifies
which file in the JAR is the so-called main-
class that begins the program’s execution.
• For an applet, the main-class is the one
that extends JApplet.
• For an application, the main-class is the
one that contains the main method.

(C) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights


reserved.
(C) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
reserved.
(C) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
reserved.
• JNLP documents are written in Extensible Markup
Language (XML).
• JNLP is a so-called XML vocabulary that describes the
information Java Web Start needs to launch a program.
• In Fig. 23.12, the jnlp element (lines 2–26) is the root
element-.
• The jnlp element’s start tag (lines 2–4) has two
attributes—codebase and href.
– The codebase attribute’s value is a URL that specifies the path
where the JNLP document and the JAR file are stored.
– The href attribute specifies the JNLP file that launches the
program.

(C) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights


reserved.
• Typically, the codebase references a
directory on a web server with an http://
URL.
• If you’d like to serve your applet or application
from a web server so users can access it
online, you’ll need to configure your web
server correctly, as described at
java.sun.com/javase/6/docs/tech
notes/guides/javaws/developersg
uide/setup.html.
(C) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
reserved.
• The information element provides details about the program.
• The title element specifies a title for the program.
• The vendor element specifies who created the program.
– The values of these elements appear in Java Web Start’s security
warnings and errors that are presented to the user.
– The title’s value also appears in the title bar of the window in which
the program executes.
• The desktop element that is nested in the shortcut element
tells Java Web Start to ask whether the user wishes to install a
desktop shortcut.
– If the user accepts, an icon will appear on the desktop.
• The offline-allowed element indicates that once the
program is installed on the user’s computer, it can be launched
via Java Web Start—even when the computer is not connected to
the Internet.
(C) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
reserved.
• The resources element contains two nested elements.
– The java element lists the minimum version of Java required to
execute the program
– The jar element specifies the location of the JAR file that contains
the program and whether that JAR file contains the class that
launches the program
• The applet-desc element is similar to the applet
element in XHTML.
– The name attribute specifies the applet’s name.
– The main-class attribute specifies the main applet class (the one
that extends JApplet).
– The width and height attributes specify the width and height in
pixels, respectively, of the window in which the applet will execute.

(C) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights


reserved.
• There are several ways to to launch the applet via Java Web
Start.
• The javaws command in a command window from the
folder that contains the JNLP document, as in
• javaws DrawTest.jnlp
• Can also use your operating system’s file manager to locate
the JNLP on your computer and double click its file name.
• The JNLP file can be referenced from a web page via a
hyperlink.
• Clicking the hyperlink in the web page downloads the JNLP
file and executes the corresponding applet.

(C) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights


reserved.
(C) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
reserved.
(C) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
reserved.
(C) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
reserved.
• You can view the installed Java Web Start
programs in the Java Cache Viewer by typing
the following command in a command window:
• javaws -viewer
• The Java Cache Viewer enables you to manage
the Java Web Start programs on your system.
• You can run a selected program, create a desktop
shortcut for a program (if there is not one
already), delete installed programs, and more.
(C) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
reserved.
(C) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
reserved.
• Demonstration applets provided with the JDK.
– Each sample applet comes with its source code.
• The demo directory contains several subdirectories.
• The applets directory contains demonstration applets.
• The jfc (Java Foundation Classes) directory contains
applets and applications that demonstrate Java’s powerful
graphics and GUI capabilities.
• Change to the applets directory and list its contents to
see the directory names for the demonstration applets.
• Figure 23.1 provides a brief description of each demo
applet.

(C) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights


reserved.
(C) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
reserved.
(C) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
reserved.
(C) 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights
reserved.

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