Welcome to

Windows Active Directory

Professor Watkins

• Adjunct Professor at RCC

• Adjunct Professor at PACE
• Cybersecurity Chair at Westchester Community College
• CompTIA certified and Microsoft certified
• IT Consultant
Student Introductions (Discussion Board)

• What is your name?

• What degree are you pursuing?
• Are you employed in the field?
• What kind of experience do you have with servers?
• What do you want to be when you grow up?
• What do you do in your free time?
 What Is A Server?
• In computing, a server is a computer
program or a device that provides
functionality for other programs or devices,
called "clients".
Purpose Of This Course

This course provides the student with the fundamentals of system

administration in both the Microsoft Windows Server and VMware
environments.
Through a combination of lecture and hands-on labs, you will gain
experience in the design, implementation and maintenance of
system infrastructures.
An emphasis on organizational information security planning will
provide a foundation for future exploration of highly complex tasks.

You will learn best practices!

These are not best practices
Software For This Class: Microsoft Imagine

What is Microsoft Imagine?

• Imagine is a Microsoft Program that supports technical education
by providing access to Microsoft software for learning, teaching
and research purposes.
• By being part of this program you are automatically enrolled in
the MSDNA program. You will need an account for this class
experiments. A large collection of Microsoft products are available
for free including licensing and access to the CD/DVD material
contents.
 What Kind Of Software Is Available?
• Windows Server 2016
• Windows 10 Education
• Windows 8.1 Professional
• Windows 7 Professional
• Windows Server 2008R2
• Windows 2012 R2
• SQL Server
• Visual Studio 2012
• VMware software
• Microsoft Azure cloud for
students

Many other Microsoft titles

available for download!
What’s The Catch?

• There is no catch!
• With your enrollment in CYB courses, you are automatically
registered for MSDNAA/Microsoft Imagine!
Sharing Is Against Your ELUA

• Sharing product keys or software with anyone is against the End

User License Agreement you agree to when using MSDNA/Imagine
• Product keys and software that are licensed to you are only
licensed for one semester. You will not be able to use your
Product Keys to activate Imagine/MSDNAA products after this
semester is over.
• If you are caught sharing product keys by Microsoft’s Activation
program, you may be removed from MSDNAA/Imagine and be
disqualified from participating in the future.
Guide to installing and configuring Microsoft
Windows Server 2012/R2

Lecture1
Introducing Windows Server 2012 R2
Objectives

• Explain the function of a server operating system in a

network
• Describe the editions of Windows Server 2012/R2
• Define private cloud terms and technologies
• Explain the core technologies of Windows Server 2012/R2
• Describe Windows Server 2012/R2 roles
• Summarize the new and enhanced features of Windows
Server 2012
What is a server?
• A computer or device on a network that manages network
resources. There are many different types of servers.
For example:
• File server: a computer and storage device dedicated to storing
files. Any user on the network can store files on the server.
• Print server: a computer that manages one or more printers, and a
network server is a computer that manages network traffic.
• Database server: a computer system that processes database
queries.
• Servers are often dedicated, meaning that they perform no other
tasks besides their server tasks. On multiprocessing operating
systems, however, a single computer can execute several programs
at once. A server in this case could refer to the program that is
managing resources rather than the entire computer.
The Role of a Server Operating System

• The functions a server performs depend on:

• Type of business using the server
• Size of the business
• Extent to which the business has committed to using
technology to aid operations
• A server is used to provide services that aid the
operations of an organization
Server: Hardware or Software?

• A computer becomes a server when software is installed on it that

provides a network service to client computers
• OSs such as Windows 8.1 and its predecessors are designed to be
on desktop computers
• These OSs can perform server functions such as file and printer sharing
• Server operating systems: OSs designed to emphasize network
access performance and run background processes rather than
desktop applications
Server Operating Systems Versus Desktop
Operating Systems

• Windows Server 2012/R2 network services:

• File and Printer sharing
• Web server
• Routing and Remote Access Services (RRAS)
• Domain Name System (DNS)
• Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Server
• Active Directory
• Distributed File System (DFS)
• Hyper-V
• Fax Server
Server Operating Systems Versus Desktop
Operating Systems
• Windows 8.1 desktop OS supports
only Hyper-V, File and Printer
Sharing, Web Server, and FTP
Server in limited capacity
• Windows 8.1 is restricted to 20
logged-on network users
• Windows Server 2012/R2 includes
fault-tolerance features such as:
• Redundant array of independent disks
(RAID) 5 volumes
• Load balancing
• Clustering
Editions

• Windows Server 2012/R2 editions have been streamlined

compared with Windows Server 2008:
• Datacenter
• Standard
• Essentials
• Foundation
• Businesses can choose the best solution for their size and services
required
Planning

• The Windows Server 2012 R2 Edition you choose should

be based on multiple factors, including:
• The roles you intend the servers to perform
• The virtualization strategy you intend to implement
• The licensing strategy you plan to use
Datacenter

• Designed for large and powerful servers

• Supports up to 64 processors
• Fault tolerance—hot-add processors
• Only available to purchase through:
• Microsoft volume-licensing program
• Original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), bundled with a
server
Standard

• Includes the full set of Windows Server 2012 R2 features

• Only differs from Datacenter by the number of virtual
machine instances permitted by the license
Essentials

• Includes nearly all features from Datacenter and

Standard editions, except:
• Server Core
• Hyper-V
• Active Directory Federation Services
• Limited to one physical or virtual server instance
• Maximum of 25 users
Foundation

• Reduced version of the operating system designed for

small businesses
• Supports only basic server features:
• File and print services
• Application support
• No virtualization rights
• Limited to 15 users
Datacenter and Standard Editions

• Datacenter Edition - install an unlimited number of virtual

instances of the OS
• Datacenter with Hyper-V can be installed on a physical server
• Install as many virtual machines as you need
• Must purchase one Datacenter Edition license for every two physical
processors installed on a server
• Standard Edition - has all the features of Datacenter Edition and
the same processor licensing conditions
• Permits only two virtual instances
Datacenter and Standard Editions

• Both Datacenter and Standard editions support:

• Up to 4 TB of RAM
• Up to 64 physical processors
• Server clusters with up to 64 nodes per cluster
• Both editions have the option to be installed without the standard
graphical user interface (GUI)
• A mode called Server Core (now the default)
• Both editions require client access licenses (CALs)
• Legally mandated for each user who logs on to the server
Essentials Edition

• Essentials Edition - aimed at small businesses with 25

or fewer users
• Automatically configured as a root domain controller
• Other automatically configured services:
• Active Directory Certificate Services, DNS, File Services, Web
Server (IIS), Network Policy Server, and Remote Desktop
Services
• Comes with a management interface called Dashboard
• No CALS are required
Foundation Edition

• Foundation Edition - entry-level edition

• Suitable for small businesses
• Available as an OEM version only
• Licensing limited to 15 users
• No CALs are required
• Supports a single physical processor
• Supports up to 32 GB RAM
• Can be configured as a stand-along server or a root domain
controller
• Doesn’t support Hyper-V
System Requirements

Minimum system requirements for all editions of Windows Server

2012 R2:
• Processor: 1.4 GHz 64-bit
• RAM: 512 MB
• Disk space: 32 GB
• DVD or USB flash drive
• Super VGA or higher resolution monitor
Difference between Server 2008 R2 and Server
2012 Maximum Hardware Configurations

Windows Windows
Server 2012 Server 2008 R2
Logical
640 256
processors
RAM 4 terabytes 2 terabytes
Failover cluster
64 16
nodes
Windows Server 2012/R2 and the Private
Cloud

• Cloud computing - a collection of technologies for abstracting the

details of how applications, storage, network, and other
computing resources are delivered to users
• Virtualization - a core technology of cloud computing
• Uses software to emulate multiple hardware environments so that multiple
operating systems can run on the same physical server simultaneously
So, what is virtualization?
Windows Server 2012/R2 and the Private
Cloud

• Cloud computing - a collection of technologies for abstracting the

details of how applications, storage, network, and other
computing resources are delivered to users
• Virtualization - a core technology of cloud computing
• Uses software to emulate multiple hardware environments so that multiple
operating systems can run on the same physical server simultaneously
Windows Server 2012/R2 and the Private
Cloud

• Virtual machine (VM) - the virtual environment that emulates a

physical computer’s hardware and BIOS
• Host computer - the physical computer on which VM software is
installed and VMs run
• Virtualization software - software for creating and managing VMs
and creating the virtual environment in which guest OS is installed
• Hypervisor - virtualization software component that creates and
monitors the virtual hardware environment
Public Cloud versus Private Cloud
• Public could - cloud computing service provided by a
third party
• Examples: DropBox, SkyDrive, Google Apps
• Private cloud - cloud computing service provided by an
internal IT department
• Typical services include virtual desktops, storage, and
applications
• Virtual desktop infrastructure (VDI)
• Users connect to private cloud with a Web browser or
client software
• Can access their desktop from any Internet connection
Overview of Windows Server 2012/R2 Core
Technologies

• Server Manager
• New Technology File System (NTFS)
• Active Directory
• Microsoft Management Console
• Disk Management
• File and printer sharing
• Windows networking
Server Manager

• Provides a single interface for installing, configuring, and

removing a variety of server roles and features
• Summarizes server’s status and configuration
• Includes tools to diagnose problems, manage storage, and perform
general configuration tasks
• Can be used to manage all servers in your network
• Dashboard - shows a list of tasks, summarizes installed roles, and
shows available servers to manage
NTFS

• New Technology File System (NTFS)

• Introduced in Windows NT in early 1990s
• Important feature - capability to set user and group permissions
on both folders and files
• Administrators can specify which users can access a file and what users can
do with a file if granted access
• Increases a server environment’s security
Active Directory

• Provides a single point of administration of network resources

(Users, groups, shared printers, etc.)
• Provides centralized authentication and authorization of users to
network resources
• Along with DNS, provides domain-naming services and
management for a Windows domain.
• Enables administrators to assign system policies, deploy software
to client computers, and assign permissions and rights to users of
network resources
Microsoft Management Console

• Creates a centralized management interface for administrators

• Uses snap-ins, which are designed to perform specific
administrative tasks (such as disk management)
• Important feature: the capability to connect to servers remotely
Typical Windows Management Console v.s. Server 2012R/2 Management Console

Notice any differences?

Disk Management

• To manage disk and volumes on a Windows Server 2012/R2

computer:
• Use the Disk Management snap-in or the File and Storage Services role
(which is integrated into Server Manager)
• Both tools can be used to:
• Monitor disk and volume status
• Initialize new disks
• Create and format new volumes
• Troubleshoot disk problems
• Configure redundant disk configurations (RAID)
Windows Networking Concepts

• The Workgroup Model

• A small collection of computers that share common roles, such as sharing
files or printers.
• Also called a peer-to-peer network
• Decentralized logons, security, and resource sharing
• Easy to configure and works well for small groups of users (fewer than 10)
• A Windows Server 2012/R2 server that participates in a workgroup is
referred to as a stand-alone server
Windows Networking Concepts

• The Domain Model

• Preferred for a network that has more than 10 computers or
requires centralized security and resource management
• Requires at least one computer to be a domain controller
• A domain controller is a Windows server that has Active Directory
installed and is responsible for allowing client computers access
to domain resources
• A member server is a Windows Server that’s in the management
scope of a domain but doesn’t have Active Directory installed
Windows Network Components

• Network connection - a collection of networking components

working together
• Network Interface
• Composed of two parts: the network interface card (NIC) and the device
driver software
• Network Protocol
• Specifies the rules and format of communication between network devices
Windows Network Components

• Network Client and Server Software

• A network client is the part of the OS that sends requests to a server to
access network resources
• Network server software receives requests for shared network resources and
makes those resources available to a network client
• In Windows, this server software is File and Printer Sharing for Microsoft
Networks
Windows Server 2012/R2 Roles

• A server role is a major function or service that a server performs

• Role services add functions to the main role
• Server features provide functions that enhance or support an
installed role or add a stand-alone function
• A server can be configured for a single role or several roles
DHCP Server

• Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Server role provides

automatic IP address assignment and configuration for client
computers
• Can provide default gateway address, DNS server addresses, WINS
server addresses, and other options

Basic IP request from DHCP server request transaction

DNS Server

• DNS Server resolves the names of Internet computers and

computers that are members of a Windows Domain to their
assigned IP addresses.
• When installing Active Directory, you can specify an existing DNS
server or install DNS on the same server as Active Directory
Hyper-V

• Provides services to create and manage virtual machines on a

Windows Server 2012/R2 computer
• A virtual machine is a software environment that simulates the
computer hardware an OS requires for installation
• Installing an OS on a virtual machine is done using the same
methods used on a physical machine
Print and Document Services

• Enables administrators to centralize and manage access to

network printers
• Installs Print Server by default when you install the Print and
Document Services role
• Internet Printing role service enables Web-based management of
network printers
• And the capability to print to network printers by using HTTP
• Line Printer Daemon (LPD) role service provides print
compatibility with Linux/UNIX clients
Remote Access

• Allows configuring a server as a virtual private network (VPN)

server and a router
• As well as a DirectAccess Server
• DirectAccess enables users to connect to their work securely
through an Internet connection
• More user friendly than a typical VPN connection
Windows Deployment Services

• Simplifies the installation of Windows over a network

• Can install and remotely configure Windows 8.1 and Server 2012
systems
• WDS provides all tools needed to deploy Windows in an enterprise
network on a large scale
PowerShell

• A command-line interactive scripting environment that provides

commands for almost any management task
• PowerShell uses the term “cmdlets” to describe commands and
scripts
• Hundreds of cmdlets are available in PowerShell
• Ranging from performing simple tasks to managing aspects of Active
Directory
• Windows Server 2012 R2 and Windows 8.1 are equipped with
PowerShell 4.0
Summary

• A server is largely defined by the software running on the

computer hardware
• Windows Server 2012/R2 is available in four main
editions: Datacenter, Standard, Essentials, and Foundation
• Windows Server 2012/R2 has several features for creating
and supporting private cloud environments
• The technologies that make up the core functions of
Windows Server 2012/R2 include Server Manager, NTFS,
Active Directory, MMC, disk management, file and printer
sharing, and Windows networking
Summary

• Windows Server 2012/R2 includes more than a dozen

primary server roles and many supporting role services
and features
• Windows Server 2012/R2 builds on the success of Windows
Server 2008 by adding a host of new services, including
Minimal Server Interface, Storage Spaces, Resilient File
System, IP Address Management, and Dynamic Access
Control