GPON

Fundamentals
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 References
I TU-T
984.1

I TU-T
984.2

I TU-T
984.3

I TU-T
984.4

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 Objectives
• Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

□ Describe GPON Network Architecture

□ Outline GPON Basic Concepts

□ Outline GPON Applications

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 Contents
1. Overview of Optical Access Network
2. Basic Concepts of PON
3. GPON Frame Structure
4. GPON Key Technologies
5. GPON Management and Service Provisioning
6. Basic Services over GPON Network

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 Contents
1. Overview of Optical Access Network
2. Basic Concepts of PON
3. GPON Frame Structure
4. GPON Key Technologies
5. GPON Management and Service Provisioning
6. Basic Services over GPON Network

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 Architecture of Optical Access
Network CO Customer
Premise
3.5-5km
xDSL 2~20Mbps Remote Business
BA DSLAM

ODN Curb

2.5Gbps Down /1.25Gbps Up

FTTC OLT

MDU
Multi-Dwelling Unit
2.5Gbps Down /1.25Gbps Up
FTTB OLT

ONU
Optical Networks Unit
2.5Gbps Down /1.25Gbps Up
FTTH OLT
ONT
Optical Line Termination Optical Networks Termination

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GPON Architecture
What is Optical Access
Network?
From the architecture diagram, the optical access network comprises the following
scenarios:
1. FTTB scenario
SBU : Single business unit ; providing a comparatively small number of ports such as
10/100/1000BASE-T, RF, and DS1/T1/E1 ports
MTU :Business Multi-tenant unit ; providing a comparatively larger number of ports,
including 10/100/1000BASE-T, RF and DS1/T1/E1 ports., VDSL2, and so on.
2. FTTC & FTTCab scenario
MDU : Multi-dwelling unit ;providing a comparatively larger number of ports, including
10/100/1000BASE-T, RF, VDSL2, and so on.
3. FTTH scenario
SFU : Single family unit , providing a comparatively small number of ports, including
following types: POTS, 10/100/1000BASE-T, and RF.

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 Contents
1. Overview of Optical Access Network
2. Basic Concepts of PON
3. GPON Frame Structure
4. GPON Key Technologies
5. GPON Management and Service Provisioning
6. Basic Services over GPON Network

Page8
What is PON?
• Passive Optical Network
Passive Optical
Splitter ONU
Optical Line Terminal

ONU

PSTN

Passive Optical
Internet OLT Splitter
ONU

IPTV Optical Network Unit

• PON is a kind of passive optical network featuring one-to-multiple-point architecture;

• PON is short for Passive Optical Network ;
• PON consists of Optical Line Terminal (OLT), Optical Network Unit (ONU) and Optical
Distribution Network(ODN).

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 Why GPON?<1Mbps 3M 8M 25M 2.5G

Access ADSL/ADSL2+ VDSL / ADSL2+ PON

Technology Copper Based Copper Based Fiber Based

Coverage ~20km
<3km <2km <1km
diameter

Internet VoD Live TV

Service Video conferencing HDTV VoD
requirements Game
Remote control HDTV

2002 2003 2006 2010

Time

• （
GPON（ ）
Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Networks）
• GPON supports :
Triple－play service
high-bandwidth
long-reach (up to 20 km)
• GPON is the choice of large carriers in the international market.

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GPON Principle----Data Multiplexing
• GPON adopts Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) technology,
facilitating bi-direction communication over a single fiber.

1490nm

1310nm

• To separate upstream/downstream signals of multiple users over a single

fiber, GPON adopts two multiplexing mechanisms:
□ In downstream direction, data packets are transmitted in a broadcast manner;
□ In upstream direction, data packets are transmitted in a TDMA manner.

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GPON Principle----Downstream Data

• Broadcast mode

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GPON Principle----Upstream Data

• TDMA mode

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GPON Standards
ITU-T G.984.1 ITU-T G.984.2
• Specifications of ODN parameters
• Prime description of GPON network
• Requirements of protection switch-over • Specifications of 2.488Gbps downstream optical port
networking • Specifications of 1.244Gbps upstream optical port
• Overhead allocation at physical layer

Simple development process

Powerful compatibility

ITU-T G-984.1/2/3/4
ITU-T G.984.3
• Specifications of TC layer in the GPON system
• GTC multiplexing archite ture and protocol ITU-T G.984.4
stack • OMCI message for at
• GTC frame • OMCI device management frame
• ONU regi tratio an activation • OMCI working principle
• DBA specifi at ons
• Alarms and performance

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Basic Performance Parameters
Upstream Downstream

Rate(Gbps) Rate(Gbps)
0.15552 1.24416
0.62208 1.24416
1.24416 Gbit/s up, 2.48832 Gbit/s
1.24416 1.24416 down is the mainstream speed
combination supported at current
0.15552 2.48832 time.

0.62208 2.48832

1.24416 2.48832

2.48832 2.48832

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Basic Performance Parameters
Maximum logical reach 60 km

Maximum physical reach 20 km

Maximum differential fibre 20 km

distance
Split ratio 1：64/up to1：128

The distance
between nearest
and farthest
ONTs

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 Contents
1. Overview of Optical Access Network
2. Basic Concepts of PON
3. GPON Frame Structure
4. GPON Key Technologies
5. GPON Management and Service Provisioning
6. Basic Services over GPON Network

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GPON Network Model Reference
UNI R/S ODN S/R SNI

ONU/ONT OLT Service node

WDM WDM V reference point

T reference point IFpon IFpon
Optical
splitter NE
NE

ONU Optical Network Unit

ONT Optical Network Terminal
ODN Optical Distribution Network
OLT Optical Line Terminal
WDM Wavelength Division Multiplex Module
NE Network Element
SNI Service Node Interface
UNI User Network Interface

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GPON Multiplexing Architecture
Port
T-CONT Port • GEM Port: the minimum unit for carrying
O services.
Port
N • T-CONT: Transmission Containers is a kind of
U Port buffer that carries services. It is mainly used to
T-CONT
Port transmit upstream data units. T-CONT is
introduced to realize the dynamic bandwidth
assignment of the upstream bandwidth, so as
IFpon O Port to enhance the utilization of the line.
N T-CONT
Port
• IF pon: GPON interface.
U • Based on the mapping scheme, service traffic
is carried to different GEM ports and then to
different T-CONTs. The mapping between the
O
T-CONT Port GEM port and the T-CONT is flexible. A GEM
N port can correspond to a T-CONT; or multiple
U GEM Ports can correspond to the same T-
CONT.
• A GPON interface of an ONU contains one or
Alloc-IDs Port-ID
ONU-ID multiple T-CONTs.
identifies identifies T- identifies GEM
ONUs CONTs ports

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GPON Multiplexing Architecture
OLT ONT
GEM Port GEM Port

T-CONT

T-CONT

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Mapping of TDM Service in GPON
TDM Buffer GEM Frame
PLI
Ingress buffer Port ID
PTI
HEC
TDM data Payload
TDM fragment
TDM

• TDM frames are buffered and queued as they arrive, then TDM data is multiplexed
in to fixed-length GEM frames for transmission.
• This scheme does not vary TDM services but transmit TDM services transparently.
• Featuring fixed length, GEM frames benefits the transmission of TDM services .

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Mapping of Ethernet Service in GPON
Ethernet Packet GEM Frame
Inter packet gap PLI 5

Port ID bytes
Preamble
PTI
SFD CRC
DA GEM
Payload
SA

Length\Type
MAC client data

FEC
EOF

• GPON system resolves Ethernet frames and then directly maps the data of frames
into the GEM Payload.
• GEM frames automatically encapsulate header information.
• Mapping format is clear and it is easy for devices to support this mapping. It also
boasts good compatibility.

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 Contents
1. Overview of Optical Access Network
2. Basic Concepts of PON
3. GPON Frame Structure
4. GPON Key Technologies
5. GPON Management and Service Provisioning
6. Basic Services over GPON Network

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GPON Key Technologies-
• Ranging

• DBA

• T-CONT

• AES

• Attenuation

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Ranging
OLT obtains the Round Trip Delay (RTD) through ranging process, then
specifies suitable Equalization Delay (EqD) so as to avoid occurrence of
collision on optical splitters.
To acquire the serial number and ranging, OLT needs open a window, that is,
Quiet Zone, and pauses upstream transmitting channels on other ONUs.
OLT
ONU1
ONU2
ONU3

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DBA
• What is DBA?
□ DBA, Dynamic Bandwidth Assignment

• Why DBA?
□ It enhances the uplink bandwidth utilization of PON ports.

□ More users can be added on a PON port.

□ Users can enjoy higher-bandwidth services, especially those requiring
comparatively greater change in terms of the bandwidth.

• DBA operation modes

□ SR-DBA: status report-DBA

□ NSR-DBA: non status report-DBA

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SR-DBA Operation
OLT DBA report ONU

DBA algorithm
logic Control
BW Map platform

Data
platform
T-CONT

Time slot T-CONT

Scheduler
T-CONT

• DBA block in the OLT constantly collects information from DBA reports, and sends the algorithm
result in the form of BW Map to ONUs .
• Based on the BW Map, each ONU sends upstream burst data on time slots specified to
themselves and utilizes the upstream bandwidth.

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 SR-DBA Operation
D/S Direction
OLT ONT Based on the algorithm result of
① PCBd US BW
Map
Payload last time, OLT delivers BW
Maps in the header of
U/S Direction downstream frames.
② Data Report
• Based on the bandwidth allocation
information, ONU sends the status
report of data currently waiting in
T-CONTs in the specified time
slots.
③
• OLT receives the status report
from the ONU, updates BW Map
through DBA algorithm and then
delivers the new BW Map in the
next frame.

• ONU receives the BW Map from

④ the OLT and sends data in the
specified time slots.

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NSR-DBA Operation
• NSR-DBA
□ NSR is an algorithm scheme that realizes DBA. It helps to predict the
bandwidth allocated to each ONU based on the traffic from ONUs.

• Procedure:
□ Step1: Monitor the number of data packets received by OLT within the
specified interval.
□ Step2: Use the result of real time monitoring in step 1 to calculate the
utilization rate.
□ Step3: Recognize the congestion status by comparing the utilization
rate with the specified limits.

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DBA Working Principle

• Based on service priorities, the system sets SLA for each ONU, restricting service bandwidth.
• The maximum bandwidth and the minimum bandwidth pose limits to the bandwidth of each ONU, ensuring
various bandwidth for services of different priorities. In general, voice service enjoys the highest, then video
service and data service the lowest in terms of service priority.
• OLT grants bandwidth based on services, SLA and the actual condition of the ONU. Services of higher priority
enjoy higher bandwidth.

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T-CONT Bandwidth Terms
• Transmission Containers (T-CONTs): it dynamically receives grants
delivered by OLT. T-CONTs are used for the management of upstream
bandwidth allocation in the PON section of the Transmission
Convergence layer. T-CONTs are primarily used to improve the upstream
bandwidth use on the PON.
• T-CONT BW type falls into FB, AB, NAB, and BE.
• Five T-CONT types: Type1, Type2, Type3, Type4, and Type5.

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T-CONT Type and Bandwidth Type

• Type1 T-CONT is of the fixed bandwidth type and mainly used for services sensitive to delay and services of
higher priorities, such as voice services.
• Type2 and type3 T-CONT is of the guaranteed bandwidth type and mainly used for video services and data
services of higher priorities.
• Type4 is of the best-effort type and mainly used for data services (such as Internet and email), and services of
lower priorities. These services do not require high bandwidth.
• Type5 is of the mixed T-CONT type, involving all bandwidth types and bearing all services.

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QoS Mechanism of ONU in GPON
Traffic-flow Service

VOIP
Scheduling differentia
VOD GPON And buffer based on
DATA control 802.1p
TDM

OLT
GEM Port-id
Splitter Traffic-flow Service

VOIP
Scheduling differentia
VOD And buffer based on
GPON
control 802.1p
TDM

• Traffic classification of services based on LAN/802.1p.

• Service scheduling based on the combination of strict priority (SP) and Weighted Round Robin
(WRR) algorithms.
• Service transmission based on service mapping with different T-CONTs, enhancing line utilization
and reliability.

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QoS Mechanism of OLT in GPON

802.1p
Ethernet
COS
VOIP bridging
BTV
GE/10GE Queuing &
DATA Non-
scheduling GPON
BSR TDM blocking
OLT switching GPON
DBA

Upstream service
traffic based on
different VLANs

PSTN TDM Gateway

• Traffic classification based on VLAN/802.1p.

• Service scheduling based on combination of strict priority (SP) and Weighted
Round Robin (WRR) algorithms.
• DBA algorithm, enhancing uplink bandwidth utilization.
• Access control list (ACL)-based access control on layers above layer-2.

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AES Encryption in GPON
End User
1 End User
1 1
ONT
11
Decryption

OLT 1 3 2 1 3 1 1 3 2 1 3 1
2
EEnnddUUsseerr
ONT 22
Encryption Decryption

3 3 EEnnddUUsseerr
ONT
33
AES: Advanced Encrypt Standard
Decryption
A globally-used encryption algorithm

• OLT applies Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) 128 encryption.

• GPON supports encrypted transmission in downstream direction, such as AES128 encryption.
• In the case of GEM fragments, only the payload will be encrypted.
• GPON system initiates AES key exchange and switch-over periodically, improving the reliability
of the line.

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Fibre Attenuation and Power Budget
About 0.35 dB per km
Fibre attenuation relates to the fibre length
for 1310,1490nm
The attenuation of fibre splicing point is

generally less than 0.2dB

Other factors may cause attenuation, such

as fibre bending
Table G.984.2 – Classes for optical path loss
Class A Class B Class Class C
＋
B＋
Minimum loss 5 dB 10 dB 13 dB 15 dB
Maximum loss 20 dB 25 dB 28 dB 30 dB
NOTE – The requirements of a particular class may be more
stringent for one system type than for another, e.g. the class C
attenuation range is inherently more stringent for TCM systems
due to the use of a 1:2 splitter/combiner at each side of the
ODN, each having a loss of about 3 dB.

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 Contents
1. Overview of Optical Access Network
2. Basic Concepts of PON
3. GPON Frame Structure
4. GPON Key Technologies
5. GPON Management and Service Provisioning
6. Basic Services over GPON Network

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Control and Management Plane
PLO AM O M CI

T C A d a p ta tio n s u b -la y e r
O M C I a d a p te r

V P I/V C I P o rt-ID
filte r filte r

A T M T C a d a p te r G E M T C a d a p te r

- B W G ra n tin g
A llo c -ID G T C F ra m in g s u b -la y e r - K e y S w itc h in g
filte r - DBA
A llo c -ID E m b ed d ed
filte r O AM
PLO AM F ram e
p a rtitio n header
A T M p a rtitio n G E M p a rtitio n

M u ltip le x in g b a s e d o n fra m e lo c a tio n

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GPON Management
• OAM message at the physical layer falls into three types:
embedded OAM, PLOAM and OMCI .
□ The embedded OAM and PLOAM channels manage the functions of the
PMD and the GTC layers. The OMCI provides a uniform system of
managing higher (service defining) layers.

□ The embedded OAM channel is provided by field-formatted information

(such as BW Map，DBRu) in the header of the GTC frame. The functions
that use this channel include: bandwidth granting, Dynamic Bandwidth
Assignment signalling and so on.

□ The OMCI channel is used to manage the service defining layers that lay
above the GTC.

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GPON Service Provisioning
Carriers’ nightmare
Flexible Configuration plan of GPON
Initial configurations (such as service system information
configuration, data configuration) are required on GPON supports zero configuration on
terminals and then they can be put into use. To finish terminals and plug-and-play of terminals,
these configurations, it is not cost-effective to carriers. which is cost-effective.

Application scenario

1 Subscribe for services

CRM Order Management Service Provisioning Billing

2 Configure service network

NMS 2000

3 Send terminals to users

1 Finish the auto-configuration of OLT

Access Network
Use OMCI to finishing data
configuration on ONT 3

2
STB ONT ONT
Start up ONT and make registration with serial number ONT
Use ONT

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 Contents
1. Basic Concepts of PON
2. Overview of Optical Access Network
3. Analysis of GPON Standards
4. GPON Key Technologies
5. GPON Management and Service Provisioning
6. Basic Services over GPON Network

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Triple Play Solution in GPON
BB service platform
PC TL1/CORBA VoD Server
/API Notification
Middle
SFU Carrier’s OSS ware
IPTV
NMS

Phone

Internet
Ethernet
IP Core
MDU
CPE MSE
Splitter OLT

PC
SBU BRAS
Phone AAA Server
Softswitch

CBU
Base station
FE
E1
IP

Voice

CPE ODN NSP ASP/ISP

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 Summary
• In this presentation, we introduced GPON basic
concept ,architecture ,and principle.

• We also discussed about GPON service provisioning and

application.

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