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Lecture Chemical Engineering

1) The document describes the procedure for setting up and solving viscous flow problems using the shell momentum balance method. This involves writing a momentum balance on a thin shell, taking the limit as thickness approaches zero, and obtaining a differential equation for momentum flux. 2) Boundary conditions are discussed for different interfaces. At solid-fluid interfaces, the no-slip condition applies. At liquid-liquid interfaces, tangential velocity and stresses are continuous. 3) As an example, the analysis is shown for flow down an inclined flat plate. The governing differential equation for momentum flux is derived and solved to obtain the parabolic velocity profile.

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Aasia Farrukh
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63 views

Lecture Chemical Engineering

1) The document describes the procedure for setting up and solving viscous flow problems using the shell momentum balance method. This involves writing a momentum balance on a thin shell, taking the limit as thickness approaches zero, and obtaining a differential equation for momentum flux. 2) Boundary conditions are discussed for different interfaces. At solid-fluid interfaces, the no-slip condition applies. At liquid-liquid interfaces, tangential velocity and stresses are continuous. 3) As an example, the analysis is shown for flow down an inclined flat plate. The governing differential equation for momentum flux is derived and solved to obtain the parabolic velocity profile.

Uploaded by

Aasia Farrukh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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 

Shell Momentum Balance:

 For steady flow, the momentum balance is


Procedure for setting up and solving viscous flow
problems is as follows.
 Identify the non-vanishing velocity component and
the spatial variable on which it depends
 Write a momentum balance over a thin shell
perpendicular to the relevant spatial variable.
 Let the thickness of the shell approach zero and make
use of the definition of the first derivative to obtain
the corresponding differential equation for the
momentum flux
 Integrate this equation to get the momentum-flux
distribution.
 Insert Newton's law of viscosity and obtain a
differential equation for the velocity.
 Integrate this equation to get the velocity distribution.
 Use the velocity distribution to get other quantities,
such as the maximum velocity, average velocity, or
force on solid surfaces.
 At solid-fluid interface:
Fluid velocity equals the velocity with which the solid surface
is moving. this statement is applied to both the tangential and
the normal component of the velocity vector. The equality of
the tangential components is referred to as the "no-slip
condition.''
 At liquid-liquid interface:
At a liquid-liquid interfacial plane of constant x, the tangential
velocity components vx, and vy, are continuous through the
interface (the "no-slip condition") as are also the molecular
stress-tensor component p+τxx, τxz. τxy
 At Liquid-Gas interface:
At a liquid-gas interfacial plane of constant x, the stress-tensor
components τxy , τxz and are taken to be zero, provided that the
gas-side velocity gradient is not too large. This is reasonable,
since the viscosities of gases are much less than those of
liquids.
 In all of these boundary conditions it is presumed that there is
no material passing through the interface; that is, there is no
adsorption, absorption, dissolution, evaporation, melting, or
chemical reaction at the surface between the two phases
 Inclined flat plat with Length = L and Width = W
 Assume viscosity and density of the fluid to be constant.
 W and L are large as compared to film thickness.
 For small flow rates we expect that the viscous forces will
prevent continued acceleration of the liquid down the wall, so
that vz, will become independent of z in a short distance down
the plate. Therefore it seems reasonable to postulate that
vz = vz (x), vx = 0, and vy = 0, and further that p = p(x). The
only non-vanishing components of τ are τxz=τzx=- μ(dvz/dx).
 We apply a z-momentum balance over this shell which is a
region of thickness ∆x, bounded by planes z=0 and z=L and
extending a distance W in the y-direction.
 Substituting all above terms into the z-momentum balance

 When equation is divided by LW ∆x, and then the limit taken


as ∆x approaches zero, we get
 In accordance with the postulate that

 Since vx=0, ρvxvz term is zero.


 Since vz=vz(x), the term ρvzvz is same at z=0 and z=L.
 Since p=p(x), contribution of p is same at z=0 and z=L.
Hence

 This is differential equation for momentum flux and it


may be integrated to give
 B.C.1: at x=0, τxz=0
 At this boundary condition, C1=0, therefore the momentum-
flux distribution is
τxz =(ρgcosβ)x
 For newtonian fluids,
τxz = -μ (dvz/dx)
 dvz/dx =- (ρg cosβ/ μ)x is the differential form for the velocity
distribution. It can be integrated to give
vz = - (ρg cosβ/ 2μ)x2 +C2
 At x=δ, vz =0 , subtitution of this boundary condition shows
that C2= (ρg cosβ/ 2μ) δ2
 Thevelocity distribution is as given below which is
parabolic in nature.


  g cos    x  
2 2

vz    1    
 2      
 Maximum Velocity: velocity at x=0, that is
vz,max = - (ρg δ2cosβ/ 2μ)
 Average Velocity:

W 

  v dxdy
z    g 2 cos   2
1  vz      vz, max
 vz   0 0
W 

  v dxz
 3  3
  dxdy
0 0
0
 Mass flow rate:

 Film Thickness:
Experimental observations of falling films show that
there are actually three "flow regimes," and that these
may be classified according to the Reynolds number,'
Re, for the flow. For falling films the Reynolds
number is defined by Re = 4δ<vz >ρ/μ.The three flow
regime are then:
 laminar flow with negligible rippling Re < 20
 laminar flow with pronounced rippling20 < Re <1500
 turbulent flow Re > 1500

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