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Chapter 3,4

This document discusses the definitions and history of nursing. It defines nursing as caring for the sick based on definitions from Nightingale and Henderson. It discusses the origins and development of nursing education from vocational to doctorate programs. Key nursing theories and their founders like Nightingale, Rogers, and King are outlined. Psychosocial development theories from Freud and Erikson are also mentioned.

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55 views

Chapter 3,4

This document discusses the definitions and history of nursing. It defines nursing as caring for the sick based on definitions from Nightingale and Henderson. It discusses the origins and development of nursing education from vocational to doctorate programs. Key nursing theories and their founders like Nightingale, Rogers, and King are outlined. Psychosocial development theories from Freud and Erikson are also mentioned.

Uploaded by

gnikap_deleon
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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LPN-RN Chapter 3-4

Prepared By: Angelica Anne J.


Lopez, RN
What is NURSING?
• “ A person usually a woman trained to care for a
sick” (New Lexington Webster)

• “ The act of utilizing the environment of the


patient to assist him in his recovery” (Florence
Nightingale)

• “The unique function of the nurse is to assist the


individual, sick or well, in the performance of
those activities contributing to wealth and
recovery (or to a peaceful death) that he would
perform unaided if he had the necessary
strength, will or knowledge. . .(Virginia
Henderson)
Florence Nightingale
• The Florence Nightingale Pledge
• I solemnly pledge myself before God
and in the presence of this assembly,
to pass my life in purity and to practice
my profession faithfully. I will abstain
from whatever is deleterious and
mischievous, and will not take or
knowingly administer any harmful
drug. I will do all in my power to
maintain and elevate the standard of
my profession, and will hold in
confidence all personal matters
committed to my keeping and all
family affairs coming to my knowledge
in the practice of my calling. With
loyalty will I endeavor to aid the
physician, in his work, and devote
myself to the welfare of those
committed to my care.
What is NURSING?

• “Direct, goal oriented, and adaptable to


the needs of the individual, the family,
and community during health and illness
(ANA, 1973)
What is Nursing?
What is NURSING?
• Caring
• Art
• Science
• Client Centered
• Holistic
• Adaptive
• Concerned with health promotion, health
maintenance and health restoration
• Helping profession
History of Nursing
• Sumerian Civilization- healing prescriptions
• 1900 BC- Code of Hammurabi
• Bible- Old Testament
• Greeks and Romans- Gods and Goddesses
(Hygiea- Goddess of Health; Eskalepios- Chief
healer)
• African Cultures- midwife, herbalist, wet nurse
and carer
• Ancient India- Nurses are male
History of Nursing (18th to 19th
Century)
• Industrial Revolution- stressors to health
• Lack of prenatal care, inadequate nutrition, and
poor delivery system
• Nurses- prostitutes and prisoners
• Creation of Institute of Protestant Deaconness at
Kaiserswerth, GERMANY
• Florence Nightingale- famous pupil
• Crimean War
• Nightingale Training School
Roles of a Professional Nurse
• Care Provider
• Communicator/ Helper
• Teacher
• Counselor
• Client Advocate
• Change Agent
• Leader
• Manager
• Researcher
History of Nursing

• Christians- “ Love thy neighbor as thyself”


• Principle of Caring in the good samaritan
• Parabolani Brotherhood
• More hospitals were built
• Nursing Care of the outcast
Women of Nursing

• Lillian Wald
• Mary Breckenridge
• Linda Richards
• Isabel Hampton Robb
• Mary Adelaide Nutting
• Lavina Dock
• Mildred Montag
Evolution of Nursing Education

• Practical/Vocational Nursing
• Diploma Nursing
• Associate Degree Nursing
• Baccalaureate Degree Nurisng
• Masters Degree Nursing
Practical/Vocational Nursing

• YWCA in Brooklyn, NY
• Focus: Care for elderly, chronically ill, sick
children
• Must pass NCLEX-PN for licensure
• Bridge program on going to RN
Diploma Nursing

• 1st type of nursing education in US


• Hospital based diploma school
• Most programs are 2-3 years of duration
• NCLEX-RN
• Still exist in some states
Associate Degree Nursing

• Newest form
• 2 years in duration
• “two plus two”
• NCLEX-RN
Baccalaureate Degree in Nursing

• Entry for professional practice


• 4 years long
• Emphasis- leadership, research and
community nursing
• NCLEX-RN
Doctorate Degree Nursing

• Terminal degree
• Faculty members, deans, vice presidents
of hospitals, researchers and nursing
theories
• Doctorate in related fields
• For promotion
Professional Nursing Organizations

• National League for Nursing


- Provide standards of education
American Association of Colleges of
Nursing (AACN)
-Accreditation
American Nurses’ Association (ANA)
- Fosters high standards of Nursing practice
to promote welfare of nurses
Professional Nursing Organizations

• National Student Nurses’ Association


(NSNA)
- Professional Organization for Nursing
students
Regulation for Practice and
Licensure
• National Council of State Boards of
Nursing
• Computerized
• State boards of nursing
Managed Care

• Medicare
• Medicaid
• Prospective Payment System
• Private Insurance
• Health Maintenance Organizations (HMO’s)
• Preferred Provider Organizations (PPOs)
Nursing Theories and Conceptual
Frameworks
• Virginia Henderson
- 14 fundamental needs
- Breathe, eat and drink, eliminate, move
and maintain posture, sleep and rest,
dress and undress, maintain body
temperature, keep clean, avoid danger,
communicate, worship, work, play, and
learn
Nursing Theories and Conceptual
Frameworks
• Florence Nightingale
- “Environmental Theory”
- Major Concepts of Health
a. Ventilation
b. Warmth
c. Light
d. Diet
e. Cleanliness
f. Absence of noise
Nursing Theories and Conceptual
Frameworks
• Martha E. Rogers
- Humanistic Science
- Compassionate concern with maintaining
and promoting health, preventing illness,
and caring for and rehabilitating the sick
and disabled
Nursing Theories and Conceptual
Frameworks
• Sister Callista Roy
- Adaptation Model
- A process of analysis and action related to
the care of the ill, or potentially ill person
Nursing Theories and Conceptual
Frameworks
• Dorothea E. Orem
• Self Care Deficit Theory
• A helping or assisting service to person’s
who are partly dependent
Nursing Theories and Conceptual
Frameworks
• Imogene King
• Goal Attainment Theory
• A helping profession that assist individuals
and groups in society to attain, maintain
and restore health
Nursing Theories and Conceptual
Frameworks
• Betty Neuman
• Health Care Systems Model
• Concerned with variables affecting an
individual in response to stress
Nursing Theories and Conceptual
Frameworks
• Dorothy E. Johnson
• Behavioral System’s Model
Freud’s Psychosexual Development

• Oral Stage
• Anal Stage
• Phallic Stage
• Latency Stage
• Genital Stage
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages
of Development
• Infant- Trust vs Mistrust
• Toddler- Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
• Preschool- Initiative vs Guilt
• School age- Industry vs Inferiority
• Adolescence- Identity vs Role Confusion
• Young Adult- Intimacy vs Isolation
• Middle Adult- Generativity vs Stagnation
• Older Adult- Ego integrity vs despair

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