Chapter 7

Fund Analysis, Cash-

Flow Analysis, and
Financial Planning
© 2001 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Fundamentals of Financial Management, 11/e
Created by: Gregory A. Kuhlemeyer, Ph.D.
Carroll College, Waukesha, WI
7-1
 Fund Analysis, Cash-Flow
Analysis, and Financial Planning

Flow of Funds (Sources and Uses)

Statement
Accounting Statement of Cash Flows
Cash-Flow Forecasting
Range of Cash-Flow Estimates
Forecasting Financial Statements
7-2
 Flow of Funds Statement

A summary of a firm’s changes in

financial position from one period to
another; it is also called a sources and
uses of funds statement or a statement
of changes in financial position.
Has been replaced by the cash flow
statement (1989) in U.S. audited
annual reports.
7-3
 Why Examine the Flow
of Funds Statement
QUESTION?

Why should we bother to

understand a Flow of Funds
Statement that is no longer
required to appear in U.S.
audited annual reports?
7-4
 Why Examine the Flow
of Funds Statement
The Flow of Funds Statement:
 Includes important noncash transactions
while the cash flow statement does not.
 Is easy to prepare and often preferred by
managers for analysis purposes over the
more complex cash flow statement.
 Helps you to better understand the cash
flow statement, especially if it is prepared
under the “indirect method.”
7-5
 Flow of Funds Statement

What are “funds”?

All of the firm’s investments and

claims against those investments.
Extends beyond just transactions
involving cash.

7-6
 Sources and
Uses Statement
The letters labeling
the boxes stand for
Uses, Sources, A L
Assets, and
Liabilities (broadly
defined). The pluses
(minuses) indicate
S - +
increases
(decreases) in
assets or liabilities.
U + -
7-7
 BW’s Determination
of Sources and Uses
Assets 2003 2002 +/- S/U
Cash and C.E. $ 90 $ 100 - S
Acct. Rec. 394 410 - S
Inventories 696 616 + U
Prepaid Exp 5 5 --
Accum Tax Prepay 10 9 + U
Current Assets $ 1,195 $ 1,140 N/A
Fixed Assets (@Cost) 1030 930 N/A
Less: Acc. Depr. (329) (299) N/A
Net Fix. Assets $ 701 $ 631 + U
Investment, LT 50 50 --
Other Assets, LT 223 223 --
7-8 Total Assets $ 2,169 $ 2,044
 BW’s Determination
of Sources and Uses
Assets 2003 2002 +/- S/U
Cash and C.E. $ 90 $ 100 $10 S
Acct. Rec. 394 410 16 S
Inventories 696 616 80 U
Prepaid Exp 5 5 --
Accum Tax Prepay 10 9 1 U
Current Assets $ 1,195 $ 1,140 N/A
Fixed Assets (@Cost) 1030 930 N/A
Less: Acc. Depr. (329) (299) N/A
Net Fix. Assets $ 701 $ 631 70 U
Investment, LT 50 50 --
Other Assets, LT 223 223 --
7-9 Total Assets $ 2,169 $ 2,044
 BW’s Determination
of Sources and Uses
Liabilities and Equity 2003 2002 +/- S/U
Notes Payable $ 290 $ 295 - U
Acct. Payable 94 94 --
Accrued Taxes 16 16 --
Other Accrued Liab. 100 100 --
Current Liab. $ 500 $ 505 N/A
Long-Term Debt 530 453 + S
Shareholders’ Equity
Com. Stock ($1 par) 200 200 --
Add Pd in Capital 729 729 --
Retained Earnings 210 157 + S
Total Equity $ 1,139 $ 1086 N/A
7-10 Total Liab/Equity $ 2,169 $ 2,044
 BW’s Determination
of Sources and Uses
Liabilities and Equity 2003 2002 +/- S/U
Notes Payable $ 290 $ 295 $ 5 U
Acct. Payable 94 94 --
Accrued Taxes 16 16 --
Other Accrued Liab. 100 100 --
Current Liab. $ 500 $ 505 N/A
Long-Term Debt 530 453 77 S
Shareholders’ Equity
Com. Stock ($1 par) 200 200 --
Add Pd in Capital 729 729 --
Retained Earnings 210 157 53 S
Total Equity $ 1,139 $ 1086 N/A
7-11 Total Liab/Equity $ 2,169 $ 2,044
 “Basic” Sources
and Uses Statement
SOURCES
Increase, Retained Earnings $ 53
Decrease, Accounts Receivable 16
Increase, Long-Term Debt 77
Decrease, Cash + Cash Equivalents 10
USES $156
Increase, Inventories $80
Increase, Accum Tax Prepay 1
Decrease, Notes Payable 5
Increase, Net Fixed Assets 70
7-12
$156
 Adjusting the “Basic”
Sources and Uses Statement

The following three slides are

Basket Wonders’ Balance Sheet
and Income Statement that was
discussed in Chapter 6.
This information will be needed
to adjust the “basic” Sources
and Uses Statement.
7-13
 Basket Wonders’ Balance
Sheet (Asset Side)
Basket Wonders Balance Sheet (thousands) Dec. 31, 2003a
Cash and C.E. $ 90 a. How the firm stands on
Acct. Rec.c 394 a specific date.
Inventories 696 b. What BW owned.
Prepaid Exp d 5 c. Amounts owed by
Accum Tax Prepay 10 customers.
Current Assetse $1,195 d. Future expense items
Fixed Assets (@Cost)f 1030 already paid.
Less: Acc. Depr. g (329) e. Cash/likely convertible
Net Fix. Assets $ 701 to cash within 1 year.
Investment, LT 50 f. Original amount paid.
Other Assets, LT 223 g. Acc. deductions for
7-14 Total Assets b $2,169 wear and tear.
 Basket Wonders’ Balance
Sheet (Liability Side)
Basket Wonders Balance Sheet (thousands) Dec. 31, 2003
Notes Payable $ 290 a. Note, Assets =
Acct. Payablec 94 Liabilities + Equity.
Accrued Taxes d 16 b. What BW owed and
Other Accrued Liab. d 100 ownership position.
Current Liab. e $ 500 c. Owed to suppliers for
Long-Term Debt f 530 goods and services.
Shareholders’ Equity d. Unpaid wages,
Com. Stock ($1 par) g 200 salaries, etc.
Add Pd in Capital g 729 e. Debts payable < 1 year.
Retained Earnings h 210 f. Debts payable > 1 year.
Total Equity $1,139 g. Original investment.
7-15 Total Liab/Equitya,b $2,169 h. Earnings reinvested.
 Basket Wonders’
Income Statement
Basket Wonders Statement of Earnings (in thousands)
for Year Ending December 31, 2003a
Net Sales $ 2,211 a. Measures profitability
Cost of Goods Sold b 1,599 over a time period.
Gross Profit $ 612 b. Received, or receivable,
SG&A Expenses c 402 from customers.
EBITd $ 210 c. Sales comm., adv.,
Interest Expensee 59 officer’s salaries, etc.
EBT f $ 151 d. Operating income.
Income Taxes 60 e. Cost of borrowed funds.
EATg $ 91 f. Taxable income.
Cash Dividends 38 g. Amount earned for
Increase in RE
7-16
$ 53 shareholders.
 Adjusting the “Basic”
Sources and Uses Statement
Recognize Profits and Dividends
Change in retained earnings is composed
of profits and dividends.
Source: Net Profit $91
Less Use: Cash Dividends 38
(Net) Source: Incr., R.E. $53
7-17
 Adjusting the “Basic”
Sources and Uses Statement
Recognize Depreciation and Gross
Changes in Fixed Assets
Change in net fixed assets is composed
of depreciation and fixed assets.
Source: Depreciation $ 30
Less Use: Add. to F.A. 100
(Net) Use: Incr., Net F.A. $ 70
7-18
 Sources and Uses
Statement (Sources Side)
SOURCES
Funds provided by operations
Net Profit $ 91
Depreciation 30

Decrease, Accounts Receivable 16

Increase, Long-Term Debt 77
Decrease, Cash + Cash Equivalents 10
$224

7-19
 Sources and Uses
Statement (Uses Side)
USES

Dividends $ 38
Additions to fixed assets 100

Increase, Inventories 80
Increase, Accrued Taxes 1
Decrease, Notes Payable 5
$224

7-20
 Analyzing the Sources
and Uses Statement

Sources Uses
Primarily Primarily through
through net an increase in
profit from inventories and
operations and expenditures on
long-term debt capital assets.
increases.
7-21
 Statement of Cash Flows
A summary of a firm’s payments
during a period of time.
This statement reports cash inflows
and outflows based on the firm’s
operating activities,
investing activities, and
7-22
financing activities.
 Statement of Cash Flows
Cash Flow from Operating Activities

Shows impact of transactions not

defined as investing or financing
activities.
 These cash flows are generally the cash
effects of transactions that enter into the
determination of net income.

7-23
 Cash Flow From
Operating Activities
Cash Inflows
From sales of goods or services
From interest and dividend income
Cash Outflows
To pay suppliers for inventory
To pay employees for services
To pay lenders (interest)
To pay government for taxes
To pay other suppliers for other
operating expenses
7-24
 Cash Flow From
Operating Activities
It would seem more logical to classify
interest and dividend income as an
“investing” inflow, while interest paid
certainly looks like a “financing” outflow.
But, the U.S. Financial Accounting Standards
Board -- by a slim 4 to 3 vote -- classified these
items as “operating” flows.

7-25
 Statement of Cash Flows
Cash Flow from Investing Activities
Shows impact of buying and selling
fixed assets and debt or equity
securities of other entities.
Cash Flow from Financing Activities
Shows impact of all cash transactions
with shareholders and the borrowing
and repaying transactions with lenders.
7-26
 Cash Flow From
Investing Activities
Cash Inflows
From sale of fixed assets (property, plant,
equipment)
From sale of debt or equity securities (other
than common equity) of other entities
Cash Outflows
To acquire fixed assets (property, plant,
equipment)
To purchase debt or equity securities (other
than common equity) of other entities
7-27
 Cash Flow From
Financing Activities
Cash Inflows
From borrowing
From the sale of the firm’s own equity
securities
Cash Outflows
To repay amounts borrowed
To repurchase the firm’s own equity
securities
To pay shareholders dividends

7-28
 Indirect Method --
Statement of Cash Flows
Cash Flow from Operating Activities

Net Income $ 91
Depreciation 30
Decrease, accounts receivable 16
Increase, inventories ( 80)
Increase, accum. tax prepay ( 1)

Net cash provided (used) by

operating activities $ 56

7-29
 Indirect Method --
Statement of Cash Flows

Cash Flow from Investing Activities

Additions to Fixed Assets $(100)

Net cash provided (used) by

investing activities $(100)

7-30
 Indirect Method --
Statement of Cash Flows

Cash Flow from Financing Activities

Increase, notes payable $ ( 5)

Increase, long-term debt 77
Dividends paid ( 38)

Net cash provided (used) by

financing activities $ 34

7-31
 Indirect Method --
Statement of Cash Flows

Increase (decrease) in cash

and cash equivalents $ ( 10)
Cash and cash equivalents, 2002 100
Cash and cash equivalents, 2003 $ 90

Supplemental cash flow disclosures

Interest paid $ 59
Taxes paid 60

7-32
 Direct Method --
Statement of Cash Flows
Cash Flow from Operating Activities

Cash received from customersa $2,227

Cash paid to suppliers and
employeesb (2,051)
Interest paid ( 59)
Taxes paidc ( 61)
Net cash provided (used) by
operating activities $ 56
a, b, c See Worksheet on next slide for calculation
7-33
 Worksheet for Preparing
Operating Activities Section
(a) Sales $2,211
+(-) Decrease (increase) in AR 16
Cash received from customers $2,227
(b) COGS - Depreciation + SGA $1,971
+(-) Increase (decrease) in inventory 80
Cash paid to suppliers and
employees $2,051
(c) Income taxes (federal / state) $ 60
+(-) Incr (Decr) in accum. tax prepay 1
Taxes paid $ 61
7-34
 Direct Method --
Statement of Cash Flows

Cash Flow from Investing Activities

Additions to Fixed Assets $(100)

Net cash provided (used) by

investing activities $(100)

7-35
 Direct Method --
Statement of Cash Flows

Cash Flow from Financing Activities

Increase, notes payable $ ( 5)

Increase, long-term debt 77
Dividends paid ( 38)

Net cash provided (used) by

financing activities $ 34

7-36
 Direct Method --
Statement of Cash Flows
Increase (decrease) in cash
and cash equivalents $ ( 10)
Cash and cash equivalents, 2002 100
Cash and cash equivalents, 2003 $ 90
Supplemental cash flow disclosures
Net Income $ 91
Depreciation 30
Decrease, accounts receivable 16
Increase, inventories ( 80)
Increase, accum. tax prepay ( 1)
Net cash provided (used) by
7-37 operating activities $ 56
 Cash Flow Forecasting
A Cash Budget is a forecast of a firm’s future
cash flows arising from collections and
disbursements, usually on a monthly basis.

The financial manager is better able to:

 Determine the future cash needs of the firm
 Plan for the financing of these needs
 Exercise control over cash and liquidity of
the firm
7-38
 The Sales Forecast
Internal Sales Forecast
 Sales representatives project sales
for the period in question (sales
under their control or management).
 Sales projections are screened and
consolidated for product lines.
 Product line sales projections are
consolidated into a single forecast.
7-39
 The Sales Forecast
External Sales Forecast
 Economists project overall
economic and business trends that
will affect the firm.
 Expected market share is projected
for current and new product lines.
 Product line sales projections are
consolidated into a single forecast.
7-40
 BW’s Cash Flow Forecast
Lisa Miller has finalized a cash flow
forecast for the first six months of 2004.
Lisa is expecting 90% of monthly sales
will be credit sales with 80% of credit
sales collected in 30 days, 20% in 60 days,
and no “bad debts.”
Hint: The cash flow forecast will be used
in forecasting the financial statements
later in this chapter.
7-41
 Collections and Other
Cash Receipts (Thousands)
SALES NOV DEC JAN FEB
Credit Sales, 90% $193 $212 $154 $135
Cash Sales, 10% 21 24 17 15
Total Sales, 100% $214 $236 $171 $150

CASH COLLECTIONS
Cash sales, current $ 17 $ 15
80% of last month’s 169 123
credit sales
20% of 2-month-old 39 42
credit sales
Total sales receipts $225 $180
7-42
 Collections and Other
Cash Receipts (Thousands)
SALES MAR APR MAY JUN
Credit Sales, 90% $256 $205 $160 $190
Cash Sales, 10% 28 23 18 21
Total Sales, 100% $284 $228 $178 $211

CASH COLLECTIONS
Cash sales, current $ 28 $ 23 $ 18 $ 21
80% of last month’s 108 205 164 128
credit sales
20% of 2-month-old 31 27 51 41
credit sales
Total sales receipts $167 $255 $233 $190
7-43
 Schedule of Projected Cash
Disbursements (Thousands)
DEC JAN FEB
Purchases $ 39 $ 35 $ 64
CASH DISBURSEMENTS FOR PURCHASES
AND OPERATING EXPENSES
100% of last month’s $ 39 $ 35
purchases
Wages paid 90 94
Other expenses paid 34 34
Total disbursements (purchases
7-44
and operating expenses) $163 $163
 Schedule of Projected Cash
Disbursements (Thousands)
MAR APR MAY JUN
Purchases $ 53 $ 40 $ 48 $ 50
CASH DISBURSEMENTS FOR
PURCHASES AND OPERATING
EXPENSES

100% of last month’s $ 64 $ 53 $ 40 $ 48

purchases
Wages paid 111 107 92 92
Other expenses paid 34 34 34 34
Total disbursements $209 $194 $166 $174
(purchases and
operating expenses)
7-45
 Schedule of Net Cash
Disbursements (Thousands)
JAN FEB MAR

Total disbursements for $163 $163 $209

purchases and operating
expenses
Capital expenditures 70 40 0
Dividend payments 0 0 9
Income taxes 25 0 0
Total cash disbursements $258 $203 $218

7-46
 Schedule of Net Cash
Disbursements (Thousands)
APR MAY JUN

Total disbursements for $194 $166 $174

purchases and operating
expenses
Capital expenditures 0 0 0
Dividend payments 0 0 10
Income taxes 25 0 0
Total cash disbursements $219 $166 $184

7-47
 Projected Net Cash
Flows and Cash Balances
JAN FEB MAR
Beginning cash balance $ 90 $ 57 $ 34
Total cash receipts 225 180 167
Total cash disbursements 258 203 218
Net cash flow $( 33) $( 23) $( 51)
Ending cash balance
without additional financing $ 57 $ 34 $( 17)

7-48
 Projected Net Cash
Flows and Cash Balances
APR MAY JUN
Beginning cash balance $( 17) $ 19 $ 86
Total cash receipts 255 233 190
Total cash disbursements 219 166 184
Net cash flow $ 36 $ 67 $ 6
Ending cash balance
without additional financing $ 19 $ 86 $ 92

7-49
 Range of
Cash-Flow Estimates
Examine factors that may influence cash
receipts such as changes in the state of the
economy that influence consumer buying
decisions and pricing strategies.
Examine factors that may influence cash
disbursements such as changes in the
state of the economy that impact
operations, capital expenditures, and
dividend payments.
7-50
 Management Uncertainty
in Ending Cash Balances

January Distribution
PROBABILITY OF
OCCURRENCE

$42 $51 $60 $69 $78

ENDING CASH BALANCE

7-51 (thousands)
 Management Uncertainty
in Ending Cash Balances

February Distribution
PROBABILITY OF
OCCURRENCE

$4 $15 $26 $37 $48

ENDING CASH BALANCE

7-52 (thousands)
 Summary of the Range
of Cash-Flow Estimates
 Allows examination of the
relevant factors which may
generate uncertainty regarding
future cash flows.
 Enables management to better
plan for contingencies that will
arise than using a single-point
estimate of monthly cash flows.
7-53
 Forecasting
Financial Statements
Expected future financial statements
based on conditions that
management expects to exist and
actions it expects to take.
Considerations
(1) Forecasted Income Statement
(2) Forecasted Balance Sheet

7-54
 Forecasting BW’s
Income Statement
Lisa Miller is forecasting the income
statement for 2004. She estimates that sales
for the 6 months ended June 30 will be
$1,222,000. COGS are estimated from the
average of years 2001 through 2003. Selling,
general, and administrative costs are
forecasted at $34,000 per month, while the
income tax rate is assumed equal to 40%.
Cash dividends and interest expenses are
7-55
expected to remain constant.
 Basket Wonders’ Forecasted
Income Statement
Basket Wonders Forecasted Statement of Earnings (in
thousands) for Six Months Ending June 30, 2004
Net Salesa $ 1,222
Cost of Goods Sold b 865 a. From sales budget.
Gross Profit $ 357 b. Average of 68.7, 71.3,
SG&A Expenses c 204 and 72.3% multiplied by
EBIT $ 153 net sales.
Interest Expensed 29 c. $34,000 x 6 months.
EBT $ 124 d. Assumed to be $29,000.
Income Taxes 50 e. Did not change. Six (6)
EAT $ 74 months of dividends =
Cash Dividendse 19 (.5)($38,000) = $19,000.
Increase in RE
7-56
$ 55
 Basket Wonders’ Balance
Sheet (Asset Side)
Forecasted Balance Sheet (thousands) June 30, 2004
Cash and C.E.a $ 92 a. From Cash Flow
Acct. Rec.b 222 Forecast.
Inventoriesc 692 b. 100% June, 20% May.
Prepaid Exp 5 c. Inv Turnover = 2.5.
Accum Tax Prepay 10
Current Assets $1,021
d. Capital expenditure of
Fixed Assets (@Cost) 1,140
$110,000 and
Less: Acc. Depr. (386) depreciation of
d
Net Fix. Assets $ 742 $69,000.
Investment, LT 50
Other Assets, LT 223 ASSUMPTIONS
7-57 Total Assets $2,036
 Basket Wonders’ Balance
Sheet (Liability Side)
Forecasted Balance Sheet (thousands) June 30, 2004
Notes Payablea $ 226 a. Previous balance less
Acct. Payableb 50 amount paid down.
Accrued Taxes c 16 b. 100% of June
Other Accrued Liab. d 20 purchases.
Current Liab. $ 312 c. No net change in
Long-Term Debt 530 accruals.
Shareholders’ Equity d. Decrease in unpaid
Com. Stock ($1 par) 200 wages, salaries, etc.
Add Pd in Capital 729 e. Increase in retained
Retained Earnings e 265 earnings (See 7-56).
Total Equity $1,194
ASSUMPTIONS
7-58 Total Liab/Equity $2,036