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Traversing - Topic 3

The document discusses angles, azimuths, bearings, and traverse surveying. It defines azimuth as a horizontal angle measured clockwise from north between 0-360 degrees, and bearing as an azimuth with an E or W designation not exceeding 90 degrees. It also describes two types of traverses - open and closed - and how traverse surveying involves measuring lengths and directions/angles of connected lines. Horizontal angles are needed for determining bearings and azimuths using a theodolite or compass.

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Thabo Chuchu
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40 views11 pages

Traversing - Topic 3

The document discusses angles, azimuths, bearings, and traverse surveying. It defines azimuth as a horizontal angle measured clockwise from north between 0-360 degrees, and bearing as an azimuth with an E or W designation not exceeding 90 degrees. It also describes two types of traverses - open and closed - and how traverse surveying involves measuring lengths and directions/angles of connected lines. Horizontal angles are needed for determining bearings and azimuths using a theodolite or compass.

Uploaded by

Thabo Chuchu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Angles, Azimuths and Bearings

• Angles and directions are used in the


location of points and orientation of lines

(Angles can either be vertical or horizontal)

 Hz angles are needed to determine


bearings and azimuths
Angles, Azimuths and Bearings
Azimuth: a horiz. angle, measured from the N in
the clockwise direction, & can be from 0 - 360o

Bearing: from N or S, with the added designation


of E or W (whichever applies), & can’t exceed 90o

• Reverse direction = Forward direction ± 180o

• Can convert azimuths to bearings and vice-


versa
TRAVERSE SURVEYING
• A traverse: series of connected straight lines
whose lengths and directions are measured

• 2 types: an open and a close traverse


A close traverse forms a closed figure or the
position of the starting and finishing pts. are
known
TRAVERSE SURVEYING
An open traverse does not form a closed
figure and the starting and finishing points
are not known

• Traversing can be used for various purposes


e.g.
surveying the boundary of a field for mapping
TRAVERSE SURVEYING
• The results of field measurements are a
series of connected lines with known
lengths and directions/angles

• Lengths are measured using any of the


methods of distance measurement

• A theodolite or prismatic compass is used


to measure angles or directions
Compass Traverse Surveying
• The direction of a line is measured with a
compass, using MN as reference direction

MN

80o

B
A
Compass Traverse Surveying
Forward and back bearings
• Consider line AB

MN MN

A
B
Compass Traverse Surveying
• The direction of the line can be measured
by standing at A or B

If at A and sight B, you measure bearing AB


(e.g. 100o) - the angle between the MM and
the line, measured clockwise from north to
the line

FB an BB (reverse bearing) differ by 1800


Theodolite Traversing
• Horizontal angles needed for bearings
and azimuths

Kinds of Hz angles

 Interior angles
 measured on the inside of a closed
polygon
Theodolite Traversing
 Angles to the right (left)
 clockwise from rear to forward station

 Deflection angles
 from an extension of backline to forward
station
 long linear alignments of route surveys
 measured right (clockwise) or left (anti--)
Theodolite Traversing
Face left (FL) and Face right (FR) angles

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