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Plumbing

Pipes are hollow cylinders used to convey liquids and gases through plumbing, pipelines, and more. Common pipe fittings include elbows, tees, and reducers which provide flexibility. Material choice depends on the application, with common materials being cast iron, ductile iron, PVC, and asbestos cement. Valves such as gate valves, globe valves, and check valves are used to control fluid flow through isolation, throttling, or non-return functions. Traps in plumbing fixtures contain water seals that prevent sewer gases from entering buildings.

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Rupali Khatri
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481 views31 pages

Plumbing

Pipes are hollow cylinders used to convey liquids and gases through plumbing, pipelines, and more. Common pipe fittings include elbows, tees, and reducers which provide flexibility. Material choice depends on the application, with common materials being cast iron, ductile iron, PVC, and asbestos cement. Valves such as gate valves, globe valves, and check valves are used to control fluid flow through isolation, throttling, or non-return functions. Traps in plumbing fixtures contain water seals that prevent sewer gases from entering buildings.

Uploaded by

Rupali Khatri
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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A pipe is a tubular section or hollow cylinder,

mainly used to convey substances which can


flow- liquids and gases, slurries, powders and
masses of small solids.
Pipes are used for varies purposes as such:
In plumbing
Pipelines-transporting gas or liquid over long
distances. Also sometimes as a structural
member.
Casting for concrete pillings used in construction
project .
The petroleum industry for oil well casting and oil
refinery equipment.
Pipe fittings are attachments placed on pipe end, which provide
flexibility in piping system. These are commonly used for
changing the direction of flow, distribution, increase or decrease
the flow the capacity and interconnection. Commonly used pipe
fittings are
Elbow, bend, return, tee, cross, reducer, end cap, plug, nipple,
union, coupling , boss, owlet etc.
Material often forms the basis for choosing any pipe.
The following are the types:

CAST IRON PIPES is a pipe which has had historic use as


a pressure pipe for transmission of water, gas and
sewage, and as water drainage pipe.

DUCTILE IRON PIPE is a pipe made of ductile iron


commonly used for potable water transmission and
distribution.
PVC pipes: This types of pipe has wide
variety of plumbing uses from
drainage pipe to water mains. It is
most commonly used for irrigation
piping, home, and building supply
piping.

ASBESTOS CEMENT
PIPES: these pipes are not
so much in use today.
A FITTING is used in pipe plumbing systems to connect straight pipe or tubing
Sections, to adapt to different sizes or shapes and for other purposes , such
As REGULATING THE FLOW OF FLUIDS.

COMMON TYPES OF FITTINGS :

1. ELBOW - AN Elbow is a pipe fitting installed


between two lengths of pipe or tubing to allow a
change of direction , usually a 90 degree or 45 degree
angle.

2. COUPLING - A coupling connects two pipes to each other. There is no change


In the direction of the two piper. If the size of the pipe is not the same, the fitting
May be called a REDUCING COUPLING or REDUCER , or an ADAPTER.
3. UNION - A Combination pipe union and reducer fitting.

A union is similar to a coupling , except it is designed


to allow quick and convenient Disconnection of
pipes for maintenance or fixture replacement.

4. NIPPLE - A nipple is a short stub of pipe , usually male


Threaded steel, brass , chlorinated polyvinyl chloride
(CPVC) , or copper ( occasionally unthreaded copper),
which connects two other fittings. A nipple with
Continuous uninterrupted threading is known as
CLOSE NIPPLE. Nipples are commonly used with plumbing
And hoses.
5. REDUCER : A reducer allows for a change in pipe
Size to meet hydraulic flow requirements of the system
Or adapt to existing piping of a different size. Although
Reducers are usually CONCENTRIC , ECCENTRIC REDUCERS
Are used as needed to maintain the top or bottom of pipe
Level.

6.TEE - A tee, the most common pipe fitting, is used to


Combine (or divide ) fluid flow. It is available with female
Thread sockets, solvent – weld solvents.
Tees can connect pipes of different diameters or change the
Direction of a pipe run, or both. Tees may be equal or unequal
In size of their three connections, with equal tees the most
Common.
7. CAP - CAPS, usually liquid or gas – tight , cover the
Otherwise open end of a pipe. A cap attaches to the exterior
Of a pipe, and may have a solvent-weld socket end or a
Female threaded interior . The exterior of an industrial
Cap may be round, square , rectangle , U – or I – shaped, or
May have a handgrip.
VALVES STOP (or regulate) the flow of liquids or gases . They are categorized
By application, such as ISOLATION, THROTTLING and NON- RETURN.

ISOLATION VALVES – They are used to temporarily disconnect part of a piping


System , to allow maintenance or repair , for example , ISOLATION VALVES are
Typically left in either a fully open or fully closed position.
THROTTLING – They are used to
control the amount or pressure of a
fluid allowed
To pass through and are designed to
withstand the stress and wear out in
this usage,
They are often installed alongside
isolation valves which can temporarily
disconnect
a failing throttling valve from the rest
of the system , so it can be refurbished
or
replaced.
NON – RETURN - It allows free flow of a fluid in one direction, but prevent its flow
In a reverse direction. They are often seen in drainage or sewage systems , but may
Also be used in pressurized systems.

GATE , PLUG and BALL VALVES : ISOLATION

GLOBE VALVE : THROTTLING

NEEDLE VALVE : THROTTLING, usually with high precision and low flow.

BUTTERFLY OR DIAPHRAGM VALVES : ISOLATION and THROTTLING

CHECK VALVE : preventing reverse flow (non- return)


Each of these plumbing fixtures has one or more water outlets and a drain,.
In some cases, the drain has a device that can be manipulated to block the drain
to
Fill the basin of the fixture .
Each fixture also has a flood rim , or level at which water will begin to overflow.
Most fixtures also have an overflow , which is a conduit for water to drain
Away, when the regular drain is plugged, before the water actually overflows at
the
Flood rim level.

However, water closets and showers ( that are not in bathtubs) usually lack this
feature
Because their drains normally can not be stopped.
All plumbing fixtures have traps in their drains, these traps
are either internal or
External to the fixtures.
Traps are pipes which curve down then back up , they ‘trap’ a small amount of water to
Create a water seal between the ambient air space and the inside of the drain system.
This prevents sewer gas from entering buildings.

Most water closets, bidets , and many urinals have the trap integral with the fixture
itself.
The visible water surface in a toilet is the top of the trap’s water seal.
Each fixture drain , with exceptions, must be vented so the negative air pressure
in the drain Can not siphon the trap dry, to prevent positive air pressure in the sewer
from forcing gases Past the water seal, and to prevent explosive sewer gas build up.
A. P- TRAP

B. Q- TRAP

C. S- TRAP
A P-Trap is a plumbing device which prevents odorous gas in plumbing drains and
Sewers from rising up through a toilet, sink or floor drain into a home or business.

A P-Trap is a U-shaped section of pipe that holds water .

If a drain, sink or toilet is not used for a long time, or if there is a leak in the p- trap , it
may go dry and allow sewer gas to rise into home or other building.
The S-shape traps water so that odours from the sewer
don’t come up through the Drain. A second and only
slight benefit from the shape
is that it can trap heavier things
Such as rings, bands which has fallen off in the drain.
This trap is used in toilet under WATER CLOSET.
It is almost similar to S-TRAP but it
Is used in upper storey in a building other than
ground floor.
Floor traps also known as Nahni Trap is provided to prevent the foul
gases entering into The building by providing a water seal.
Minimum 50MM depth of water seal should be provided.
Floor traps are provided in PVC , UPVC and CI, they are without vent
pipe but removable Grating is provided at the top of the traps.
By providing Nahni Trap with grating on the top it also prevent the
entry of bugs and Cockroaches from sewer line to bathroom or toilet.
Gully traps receive sullage from baths, wash basins,
kitchen sinks, etc, and pass it on To the sewer carrying
discharge from W.C. Gully Trap therefore , disconnects
the sullage Drain from sewer line of the house.
When Gully Trap is provided individual traps for baths,
basins and kitchen sinks are necessary to provide.
Intercepting traps are provided at junction of a house
sewer and municipal sewer For preventing entry of foul
gases of municipal sewer in the House Drainage System.

It is provided in the manhole.


The pipe installed for the purpose of ventilation is known as vent pipe
through which foul gases are transferred into The atmosphere.

Without a Vent Pipe ( STACK VENT) , as wastewater flows down your


waste pipe, a partial Vacuum would develop at the top of the pipe
which would stop the wastewater flowing The rest of the way down.
Anti – siphonage pipe means any pipe provided its
conjunction with a trap in the sanitary fitting To prevent
unsealing of the trap by siphonage or back pressure.

Back – siphonage causes breaking of the water seal and


therefore anti siphonage pipe is required.
SUBMITTED BY :
1. RUPALI KHATRI
2. SANYA NARANG
3. SAUMYA SINGHAL
4. SHANU SONI
5. SHWETA VAISHNAV

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