7 QC Tools

7 QC Tools
1. Check Sheets
2. Histogram
3. Control Chart
4. Graph
5. Pareto Chart
6. Ishikawa Diagram
(Cause and Effect diagram)
7. Scatter Diagram
 1. Check Sheet
 A brief tabulated data which is to be
filled up by the required information
in order to see if the company and or
the processes are following the set
standards.
Uses of Check Sheet
• A recorded data used for further
analysis.
• It provides historical record.
• It introduces data collection methods.
• Created for specific purposes.
 Types of Check Sheets

1. TABULAR – used in counting an event or recording

a measurement.

• For recording- Represents data to be seen easily.

Ex. Comparison and countermeasure

• For checking- Check items to be confirmed

Ex. Prevention for accidents and mistakes
 Steps in making Check Sheets
1. Decide data and its classifications.
2. Decide a form for the check sheet (format, presentation).
3. Record the data.

Common Check Sheet Format.

Section Date …

Classified Item Defect

item Data
Failure
item

…
 Unarranged Vs. Arranged Check Sheet
July, 2005
Date Items Total Item Total
1 2 3 4 5

7/1 Scratch 2,Stained 3, Cut 1 6

Scratch 2 3 1 2 2 10

7/2 Scratch 3,Stained 1, Cut 5 9

Stained 3 1 1 0 2 7
7/3 Scratch 1,Stained 1, Cut 5 7

7/4 Scratch 2,Stained 0, Cut 2 4 Cut 1 5 5 2 3 16

7/5 Scratch 2,Stained 2, Cut 3 7 Total 6 9 7 4 7 33

Un-arrange Check Sheet Arrange Check Sheet

2. LOCATION – used in the marking of a diagram which
shows the exact physical location of a
defect or characteristics.

X DEFECT
X LOCATION

XX
XX

XX X
X
X
 2. Histogram

 It is a vertical bar that depicts the

distribution of a set of data

Uses of Histogram
• Summarize large data sets graphically.
• Compare measurements to specifications.
• Communicate information to the team.
• Assist in decision-making.
Histogram
 3. Control Chart

 A statistical tool used to distinguish

between process variation resulting
from common causes and variation
resulting from special causes.
Role of Control Chart
• Describes the common cause variation.
• The express purpose of control limits is to quantify
the boundaries of common cause variability.
• Any signal of unexpected behavior (point outside a
control limit) clearly indicates the presence of special
cause activity.
Uses of Control Chart
1. Monitor process variation over time.
2. Differentiate between special cause
and common cause variation.
3. Assess effectiveness of changes.
4. Communicate process performance.
X-Bar Control Chart

Note: X-bar chart is developed from the average of each sub-group data.

R-Bar Control Chart

Note: R-bar chart is developed from the ranges of each sub-group data.
 4. Graph
 It is to make a lot of information fast to
see by summarizing them.
 To show information with the use
of illustrations.

Kinds of Graph
1. Bar Graph 6. Picture Graph
2. Circle Graph (Pie Graph) 7. System Graph
3. Line Graph 8. Schedule Graph
4. Radar Chart
Bar Graph
• Shows each size and compares data by using
bars drawn in a picture.

20

15

10

0
A B C D
Circle Graph (Pie Graph)
• Used to show particulars and or ratios which are
occupied by each item, by means of a fan-shape
figure.
Pie Chart Pie Chart

30% Scratch
Scratch 30%
Cut
49% Stained 49%
Cut
Stained
21%
21%
Line Graph
• Shows changes, trends, periodicity
and similarities.

400

300

200

100

0
1월 2월 3월 4월
Jan Feb Mar Apr
Radar Chart
• Shows comparison between several items
simultaneously, changes of the amounts from
enter lines to extended lines.
Picture Graph
• Shows sizes by the use of pictures.

Unit : ten thousand

20

9
5

Year of 1998 1999 2000

 System Graph
• It represents vertical, horizontal
relationship and is used to arrange
contents easily by symbol.
Example
1. System chart for factory
2. Flowchart for the processes

Flow Chart
Start Delivery Inspection Warehouse Production End

Customer RTV
 Schedule Graph
• 2 Types of Schedule Graph

1. Gantt Chart - used to manage schedule and process.

- shows the relations of schedule and actual
results by using bar lines.

Section Jan Feb Mar Apr

set up the subject

Understand
the situation

Improving action

contents : schedule → result →

 2. Z Graph - used to draw the unit volume, the accumulative
volume and the target point on the graph.

Target line ---

Accumulated quantity 100

Unit quantity 80

60

40

20

0
1월
Jan 2월
Feb 3월
Mar 4월
Apr
 5. Pareto Chart

 A series of bars whose height reflect

the frequency or impact of problems.
The bars are arranged in descending
order from left to right. This means
the categories represented by the tall
bars are relatively more important
than those on the right.
Pareto Principle
“20 % of the causes contribute 80% of the effect”

Significant of Pareto chart

• Breaks big problems into smaller pieces.
• Identifies most significant factors.
• Shows where to focus efforts.
• Allows better use of limited resources.
• Defect Data Pareto Chart
March
Defects
1st 2nd ~ sum

Deform
50 100
//// //// ~ 18
Scratch //// /// ~ 15
Stained /// /// ~ 12 40 80
Others // / ~ 5

Percent
30 60

Count
sum 13 11 50

20 40
• Analysis Sheet
Defect Qt’y. % Cum (%) 10 20
Deformed 18 36% 36%
Scratche 0 0
15 30% 66%
d
Defect
Stained 12 24% 90%
Others 5 10% 100% Count 18 15 12 5
Percent 36.0 30.0 24.0 10.0
Total 50 Cum % 36.0 66.0 90.0 100.0
 6. Ishikawa Diagram
(Cause and Effect diagram)
 A tool that helps identify, sort and display
possible causes of a specific problem or
quality characteristics.

 Graphically illustrates the relationship

between a given outcome (effect) and all
the factors that influence the outcome
(causes).
 Benefits of Using Ishikawa Diagram

• Helps determine root causes.

• Encourages group participation.
• Uses an orderly, easy to read format.
• Indicates possible causes of variation.
• Increases process knowledge.
• Identifies areas for collecting data.
 Relationship Between Characteristic and Causes.

Characteristics (results) : a barometer showing the situation of problems.

Factors (causes) : Objects influencing (a)problem(s).

3rd cause
Causes (factors)

1st cause 2nd cause

Characteristics
(results)
Big branch
Small branch

Middle branch
 Steps in Making Ishikawa Diagram

Step 1) Set the quality characteristics related with problems.

• Decide on the characteristic/result to be examined

Step 2) Decide quality characteristics related with a problem(s).

Scratch
Arrow : big branch
Characteristics

Step 3) Record primary causes(4M) in middle branch.

Factors: Man, Machine, Method, Material
※ Except 4M, primary causes can be differed according to the
problems.
Material Man Primary causes

scratch

Method Machine
Step 4) Fill out detailed causes by primary cause.
Diving them into 2nd cause →3rd cause.
Fill out to the last cause.
Dull operation (3rd cause)
Man
Bump against PCB (2nd cause)
Lack of education

Scratch

Step 5) Verify whether there are omitted causes or not.

Step 6) Grade the cause by Dull operation
narrow space
importance. Material Man
defect Rack Bump against PCB
And give importance on the thing
Bent Lack of experience
which draws many causes. PCB
PCB
Scratch
handling
PCB Crash between Goods falling down
frequently PCBs when
moved by The wide interval
Method mobile cart Machine between conveyors
Principles in Making Ishikawa Diagram

• Do not criticize other’s opinions.

• Make many opinions.
• Improve one’s opinion based on other’s opinions.
• Make opinions liberally.

Note:

1. Make it with all members’ participation

2. Lay emphasis on solution (using 5 Why
positively)
3. Get some help from expert (experienced one)
 7. Scatter Diagram
 Scatter Diagram are used to study possible
relationship between two variables. Although
these diagrams cannot prove that one variable
causes the other, they do indicate the existence
of a relationship, as well as the strength of that
relationship.
 The purpose of the Scatter Diagram is to display
what happens to one variables when another
variable is changed. The diagram is used to
test a theory that the two variables are related.
The type of relationship that exists is indicated
by the slope of the diagram.
Samples & Reading method

(a) : There is a trend that

if x increases and y increases also
(plus relation)
(b) : There is the trend that if x increases
y increases also.
( It seems to be a plus relation.)
(c) : In case of no relation
(d) : If x increases and y decreases
mostly. (It seems to be a minus relation.)
(e) : There is the trend that If x increases,
y decreases. (We say that it’s a
minus relation.)
-END-