Introduction to Information and

Communication Technology
Javeria Jabeen
 Number System
A set of values used to represent different
quantities is known as Number System.
 Number Systems
Some important number systems are as follows.
• Decimal number system
• Binary number system
• Octal number system
• Hexadecimal number system
 Decimal Numbers
• The word decimal is derived from the Latin
root decem (ten). In this system the base b =
10 and we use ten symbols

• The symbols in this system are often referred

to as decimal digits or just digits.
 Conversion Among Bases
• The possibilities:

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

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46
 Weight

12510 => 5 x 100= 5

2 x 101= 20
1 x 102= 100
125

Base
 Decimal to Binary

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Decimal to Binary
• Technique
– Divide by two, keep track of the remainder
– First remainder is bit 0 (LSB, least-significant bit)
– Second remainder is bit 1
– Etc.
 Example
12510 = ?2 2 125
2 62 1
2 31 0
2 15 1
2 7 1
2 3 1
2 1 1
0 1

12510 = 11111012

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Binary to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Binary to Decimal
• Technique
– Multiply each bit by 2n, where n is the “weight” of
the bit
– The weight is the position of the bit, starting from
0 on the right
– Add the results
 Example
Bit “0”

1010112 => 1 x 20 = 1
1 x 21 = 2
0 x 22 = 0
1 x 23 = 8
0 x 24 = 0
1 x 25 = 32
4310
 Decimal to Octal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Decimal to Octal
• Technique
– Divide by 8
– Keep track of the remainder
 Example
123410 = ?8

8 1234
8 154 2
8 19 2
8 2 3
0 2

123410 = 23228

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Octal to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Octal to Decimal
• Technique
– Multiply each bit by 8n, where n is the “weight” of
the bit
– The weight is the position of the bit, starting from
0 on the right
– Add the results
 Example

7248 => 4 x 80 = 4
2 x 81 = 16
7 x 82 = 448
46810
Decimal to Hexadecimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal
 Decimal to Hexadecimal
• Technique
– Divide by 16
– Keep track of the remainder
 Example
123410 = ?16

16 1234
16 77 2
16 4 13 = D
0 4

123410 = 4D216

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Hexadecimal to Decimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Hexadecimal to Decimal
• Technique
– Multiply each bit by 16n, where n is the
“weight” of the bit
– The weight is the position of the bit, starting
from 0 on the right
– Add the results

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Example

ABC16 => C x 160 = 12 x 1 = 12

B x 161 = 11 x 16 = 176
A x 162 = 10 x 256 = 2560
274810

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Binary to Octal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Binary to Octal
• Technique
– Group bits in threes, starting on right
– Convert to octal digits

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Example
10110101112 = ?8

1 011 010 111

1 3 2 7

10110101112 = 13278

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Octal to Binary

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Octal to Binary
• Technique
– Convert each octal digit to a 3-bit equivalent
binary representation

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Example
7058 = ?2

7 0 5

111 000 101

7058 = 1110001012

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Binary to Hexadecimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Binary to Hexadecimal
• Technique
– Group bits in fours, starting on right
– Convert to hexadecimal digits

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Example
10101110112 = ?16

10 1011 1011

2 B B

10101110112 = 2BB16
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
 Hexadecimal to Binary

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Hexadecimal to Binary
• Technique
– Convert each hexadecimal digit to a 4-bit
equivalent binary representation

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Example
10AF16 = ?2

1 0 A F

0001 0000 1010 1111

10AF16 = 00010000101011112

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Octal to Hexadecimal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Octal to Hexadecimal
• Technique
– Use binary as an intermediary

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Example
10768 = ?16

1 0 7 6

001 000 111 110

2 3 E

10768 = 23E16
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies
 Hexadecimal to Octal

Decimal Octal

Binary Hexadecimal

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Hexadecimal to Octal
• Technique
– Use binary as an intermediary

ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies

 Example
1F0C16 = ?8

1 F 0 C

0001 1111 0000 1100

1 7 4 1 4

1F0C16 = 174148
ITEC 1011 Introduction to Information Technologies