A Presentation on . . .

DRAWING &TEXTURISING
BY
B. VENKATESH
ASST.PROFESSOR
DEPT. OF TEXTILE TECHNOOLOGY
VIGNAN’S UNIVERSITY
 CONTENTS:
Introduction
Drawing.
What is Drawing?

Purpose of Drawing.

Drawing process.
Drawing machine.

Texturising.
What is texturising?
Purpose of texturising.
Steps of texturising
Texturising methods.
Conclusion.
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 What is Drawing?
3

The objective behind drawing fibres is to induce molecular orientation in

the fiber
Thereby increasing their strength in the direction of the stretch.
Extension of the filaments to many times their original length.
More or less randomly oriented chain molecules are aligned in the
longitudinal direction

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 Purpose of Drawing:

The prime purpose of drawing of a yarn is to a desirable quality for the following
reasons:

The orientation of the polymer molecules can be increased after the spinning
process by a subsequent drawing process.
To convert relatively week spun fibres to fibres with greater molecular
orientation and the resulting greater strength.
By inducing sufficient orientation of the polymer molecules along the axial
direction of the filament.
To produce fibres with the specific properties desired.
To increase the crystalline zone in fibres.
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 Drawing process:
The drawing process of a fibre involves passing the fibre tow over a series of
5 rollers.
The rollers rotate at specified constant angular velocities, each faster than the
other.

Molecular orientation during drawing

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 DRAW TWISTING UNIT

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 A typical two-stage drawing process:
7

Two-stage draw process in which most of the drawing was provided in the first
stage( between 2.2 and 2.7 draw ratio) and a relatively smaller draw (1.1-1.2) in
the second stage.

As the number of stages is increased, it is possible to keep each free span and
roller at a different temperature and induce the maximum molecular orientation
in the fibre.

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 Impact of drawing
9

 The degree of alignment of fibre molecules affects the properties of a fibre in several way;

 Fibres change in appearance as they are drawn.

 In the undrawn stage , nylon is usually dull and opaque(not lustrous).



 As the filaments are drawn and molecule orientation increase, the filaments acquire the
transparency and luster.

 The more closely the molecules pack together, the greater is the ultimate strength, or breaking
strength of the fiber.

 This increase in ultimate strength is accompanied by a decrease in the amount of elongation that
the fiber can sustain before reaching its breaking point.

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10

 Because the closely packed molecules no longer have great

freedom of movement,
 a high degree of orientation also tend to increase fibre stiffness and rigidity.

 Increased resistance to penetration by foreign molecules also

improves the general chemical stability of a fibre,
 since highly oriented fibres are more resistant to chemical attack.

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 EFFECT OF DRAW RATIO ON CRYSTALLINITY
12

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 Drawing machine:
Place of Origin: Shandong China (Mainland)
Brand Name: TONGDA
Model Number: FA-316A
Type: Spinning Production Line
Spinning Method: Ring Spinning
Automatic: Yes
Condition: New
Textile machine: draw frame
Draw frame: high speed draw frame
Delivery number: 2 holes
Maxmium output speed: 600m/min
Total drafting mutiple: 5-14
times
Drafting style: 5 over 4 with pressure bar
Feeding sliver number: 6-8
pcs
Mainframe OAD: 2790*950*1645mm
Weight: 2200kg
Motor power: 4.0kw

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14

TEXTURISING

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 DRAW BACKS OF FLAT FILAMENT YARNS
15
 In general, synthetic filament yarns are thin, smooth, lustrous and staple fibre
yarns are thicker and non lustrous.

 However, filament yarns have a number of limitations.

 They have a synthetic look, lack of bulkiness and clothing discomfort due to
poor water absorption and permeability.


 The compactness of the continuous filament yarn makes them very

uncomfortable in a typical humid climate

 yarns of synthetic fibers that differ from ordinary textile yarns in their great
er bulk, strong crimp, loose structure, and, in some cases, high stretchability.

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DRAWING & TEXTURISING
 TEXTURISING - INTRODUCTION
16

 Texturising imparts desirable textile properties to continuous filament

yarns without destroying their continuity

 Through introducing distortions or crimp along their lengths.

 As a result, textured yarns have suitable

 volume,
 stretch and recovery, and

 air porosity for every day use in fabrics for a wide range of
textile end uses.

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 The essential properties of textured yarns and the products made from
them are
softness,
fullness,
high degree of elasticity,
thermal insulation and moist transporting properties.

All yarns which can be shaped by heat are suitable for texturing.

The prime purpose of texturing filament yarn is to create a bulky

structure.
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18

 In the texturing processes, a CF yarn has to undergo major change in its physical form, by
becoming crimped, coiled or looped along its lengths.

 Only multifilament CF yarns are suitable for texturing.

 There are various methods that may be used to produce textured CF yarns.

 Most are only applicable to thermoplastic CF yarns as they involve heating the filaments
while effecting the textured profile, then cooling to retain it in the filaments

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19

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 CHARACTERSITCS OF TEXTURED
YARNS
The prime purpose of texturing filament yarn is to create a bulky structure
that is desirable for the following reason;

The voids in the structure cause the material to have good insulation
properties.
The voids in the structure change the density of the material(Which makes
possible a lightweight yarn with good covering properties)
The disorganized (or less organized) surface of the yarn gives dispersed light
reflections, which, in turn, give a desirable matte appearance.
The sponge like structure feels softer than a lean twisted flat yarn.
The crimped or coiled filament structure gives a lower effective modulus of
elasticity (resistance to being deformed elastically ) to the structure
when compare with that of a flat yarn. 20
DRAWING & TEXTURISING
 Steps of Texturising:

Deform the filament.

Set the deformation.

Remove the deformation.

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 TEXTURISING METHOD:
Real twist Texturising
False twist Texturising
Draw Texturising
Air jet Texturising
Knit de knit
Stuffer box
Gear crimping
Edge crimping method
Texturising by co-extrusion
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 1. Real twist Texturising:
Hare a batch of package of yarn was then taken from the twister and placed in an
autoclave.

The temperature of the yarn was raised above Tg and then allowed to cool.

The product taken from the autoclave was untwist and the deformations were set
into their newly twisted shapes.

To develop the bulk, it was necessary to untwist the yarns until the filament were
approximately parallel and separated, and then relax them

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25

 The production steps were as follows:

Twisting on (two for one) twisters

Autoclave steam stetting
Back twisting
Cone winding

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 FALSE TWIST PRINCIPLE
26

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27

 Think about holding a rubber band between two clamps and

twist this band by turning it in the center.
 You will observe real twist on the left as well as on the right
hand side.
 But each side is twisted into the opposite direction.
 One side is S-, the other side is Z-twisted.
 The number of twists on the right side equals the number of
twists on the left side.
 As you release the twisting point, all the twist will disappear
actually had created, what we call a “false twist”.
 All modern texturing machines operate according to the false
twist principle.

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 2. False twist Texturising:
Here partially oriented yarn(POY) is fed
into a heating zone(200-230°c). Where
insert twist is set. The yarn then passes
through a cooling zone to a twist unit.
Consisting of a series of revolving discs.
Which insert twist ,when twisted yarn is
relaxed, the yarn retains a thermal memory,
which produces yarn with a high
bulk/stretch potential. Bulk/ stretch can be
controlled by passing the yarn through a
second heater.

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 False twist Texturising process

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12/5/2018 DRAWING & TEXTURISING 30
 FASLE TWIST DEVICES

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 Why is false twisting such a huge
success?
32

 Real twist texturing was very slow and labor intensive.

 False twisting accelerated the process speeds from a

few meters per minute to production speeds of more
than 1000 m/min.

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 DRAWBACKS
33

 Despite the fact that false-Twist texturing gives CF yarns a

more natural feel bulk and stretch,

 Their uniform geometry lacks the natural appearance of staple-

spun yarns

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 DRAW TEXTURISING
34

 By including a mechanical drawing stage(i.e. a hot-draw

zone) before the heating/twisting/cooling zone, POY yarns
could then be utilized, giving better process economics.

 Product variety in terms of bulk and stretch, depending on the

pre-drawing;

 The yarn being referred to as a draw-textured yarn or DTY

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 DRAW TEXTURISING PROCESS
35

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36

 Melt-spinning of nylon POY, which is then transferred to the draw

texturing process.
 Here, the yarn is first drawn with a draw ratio of the order of 2.3
to 3.5 at a temperature of at least 50℃ ( Tg = 40oC).
 Then subjected to simultaneously false twisting (friction disc device)
, heating.
 After the false twisting, the DTY passes through the additional
heating zone to become a set-DTY.
 The process is particularly useful for the manufacture of nylon
textured yarns having a linear density in the range of from about
10 dtex to about 50 dtex
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37

 Generally all thermoplastic multifilament yarns

made from polyesters, nylons and polypropylene
can be converted into DTYs

 The yarns becomes more stretch and recovery, good fabric

cover, light weight, soft handle, dullness, durability, increased
moisture absorption and low tendency to pilling.

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 Draw Texturising:
As Texturising speeds rise, they approach the speed used for filament drawing
and it becomes possible to contemplate a merger between the two operations.
There are two forms of draw texturising ;
a) Sequential,
b)Simultaneous.

Draw Texturing Machine

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 AIR JET TEXTURISING

• Air Jet Texturising A Versatile Process of Texturising.

• Air textured yarn is very bulky with permanent crimps and

loops.

• Interlacing of filaments in the jet can cause the loops to be

locked into the yarn, so that twist is unnecessary.

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• Air-jet texturising process is a purely mechanical method that
uses a cold air-stream to produce bulked yarns of low
extensibility.

• The feed yarns need not be restricted to the synthetic filament

yarns

• The air-textured yarns resemble spun yarns in their appearance

and physical characteristics

• Versatile of all the yarn texturising methods in that it can blend

filaments together during processing.

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• Air textured yarn is very bulky with permanent crimps and loops.

• Interlacing of filaments in the jet can cause the loops to be

locked into the yarn, so that twist is unnecessary.

• Loop frequency, loop dimensions, loop stability and physical bulk

are the important characteristics of air jet textured yarns.

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 4. Air jet Texturising:
In this method of texturing, yarns led through
the turbulent region of a air jet at a rate faster
than if is drawn off on the far side of the jet, in
the jet, the yarn structure is opened , loops are
locked inside and others are locked on the
surface of the yarn. An example of this method
is the taslam process;

Air jet textured yarn.

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 5. Knit de knit:
Knit -de-Knit texturing is used on drawn
fibre in order to produce crimp of a knitted
loop shape. In this process a yarn is knitted
into a tubular fabric, set in place by means of
heat, and then unraveled to produce textured
yarn.

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 6. Stuffer box:
The crimping unit consists of
two feed rolls and a brass tube
stuffer box. By compressing the
yarn into the heated stuffer box,
the individual filaments are
caused to fold or bend at a sharp
angle, while being
simultaneously set by a heating
device.

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 7. Gear crimping:
In this method filament is run between a pair of intermeshing gear
wheels. The resultants yarn is left with the impression of the gear wheel
teeth.

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 8. Edge crimping method:
In this method of Texturising. Thermoplastic filaments in a heated and
stretched condition are drawn over a crimping edge and cooled. Edge-
Crimping machine are make align yarn.

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 9. Texturising by co-extrusion:
Co-extrusion is where two or more
polymer components are extruded
through the same nozzle to produce a
filament with stripes of different
polymers. It is difficult to manage more
than two components; thus two
component system are likely to be most
significant commercially. There are two
distinct possibilities. The first is to have
the stripes firmly bonded to each other in
such a fashion that treatment will cause it
to curl or otherwise texture in the manner
of a bi-component yarn. The second is to
make the stripes have little or no
bonding, in which case the filament can
be decomposed into a series of finer
ones.
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Properties of textured yarns:
As already pointed out, textured yarns are
characterized by higher extensibility,
elasticity and bulkiness than flat yarns

Schematic longitudinal view of textured

yarns
Among the various properties, generally
assessed with methods similar to those used
for other types of yarn, there is a method of
particular importance and for specific use,
termed crimp contraction (or crimp
elasticity).This property is essentially
assessed on false-twist yarns and is defined
as “the contraction of a textured yarn due to
crimp development, expressed as
percentage rate of the stretched out (not
crimped) yarn length”

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 Difference between texturising
methods:

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 What type of yarns can be textured:

Synthetic filament yarns made from

polyester
Nylon and polypropylene.
Polyester yarns are normally in the
range between 50 and 300 den, with the
emphasis on 75 and 150 den.
Nylon yarns are in the range from 15-
110 den,
The majority of fine hosiery yarns
being 20 den and coarser yarns being
70 den.

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 Textured effect:

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