Repetition (Loops)

• Want to do some • Corresponding

repetitive sequence of program:
actions: printf(“*\n”);
• print vertical line of *s printf(“*\n”);
* printf(“*\n”);
* printf(“*\n”);
* printf(“*\n”);
*
*
 Outline
II. Program Basics
H. Statements
6. Loops
Pretest: While
Posttest: Do-While
Pretest: For
Parts: termination condition, initialization, body
Pretest vs Posttest
Counter-controlled vs Event-controlled
Infinite Loops
Nested Loops
Repetitions with Loops

printf

Done 5
No
times?

Y es
 Types of Loops
• Pretest - a logical condition is checked
before each repetition to determine if the
loop should terminate
– while loop
– for loop
• Posttest - a logical condition is checked
after each repetition for termination
– do-while loop
PreTest vs. PostTest Loops
Pretest Loop Posttest Loop

A ction or
Condition
A ctions
true
true
false
A ction or
Condition
A ctions

false
 Terminating Loops
• Counter-controlled loops - a loop controlled
by a counter variable, generally where the
number of times the loop will execute is
known ahead of time
• Event-controlled loops - loops where
termination depends on an event rather than
executing a fixed number of times
 Counter-Controlled Loops
• Generally with for loops
• Can generally infer number of repetitions
from code
• Examples:
– read 5 numbers
– print 7 items
– sort n items
 Event-Controlled Loops
• Generally with while, do-while loops
• Can’t infer number of repetitions from
program
• Examples:
– read until input ends
– read until a number encountered
– search through data until item found
 Parts of Loop
• Initialization - commands to set up loop (set
counter to initial value, etc.)
• Terminating condition - logical condition
that is checked to terminate loop
• Body of loop - commands repeated
– action(s) - statements to repeat
– update(s) - statements to update values
associated with loop (counters, etc.)
 Parts of Loop Example
Init: set counter to 0 counter = 0;
Termination: counter < 5
Body:
(counter < 5)
Action: print *
Update: add 1 to true
counter false
printf("*\n");
counter++;
 Importance of Update
What if command counter = 0;
counter++;
left out?
(counter < 5)

Counter never becomes true

>= 5. false

Termination Condition printf("*\n");

never met.
 Infinite Loops
• Loop starts but termination condition never
met:
– you forget to increase counter
– user never enters terminating data item
– etc.
• Results
– program may stop (doing nothing repeatedly)
– computer may repeatedly print some data out
 Termination Conditions in C
• Loops in C always continue when the
termination condition is true and end when
the condition is false
• Conditions can be rephrased if needed
(positive termination conditions can be
negated)
• Condition only checked at fixed points
(does not have to hold true during body)
 Pretest Loop: While
Syntax:
while (condition)
statement; Condition

Corresponds to:
true
if (!condition) DONE false
statement
Statement
if (!condition) DONE
statement
...
 Example of While
int counter = 0;
counter = 0;

while (counter < 5) {

printf(“*\n”); counter < 5

counter++;
} true
false
printf("*\n");
counter++;
single statement is
compound
 Executing More Than One Stmt
• In C, loops repeat one statement
• Generally we always use a compound
statement as that statement:
while (condition) {
/* body */
}
• Useful even when body has one or no
statements
 Empty Statements and Loops
• What’s wrong with this?
counter = 0;
while (counter < 5);
{
printf(“*\n”);
counter++;
}
• Note the ; after the condition in the while,
its an empty statement (which is the body of
the while), so the while is an infinite loop
 Event-Controlled While
• While loops are often used to test for the
occurrence of events that terminate loops
• Example:
– read in a set of numbers until a particular value
is encountered
– along the way count the set of numbers and the
total of the numbers
– print out the average of the numbers
– does not terminate after a fixed point
Calculate Average Loop
total = 0;
counter = 0;
GetFirstNumb er

number != 999

true
false
total += number;
counter++;
GetNextNumb er

print average
 Calculate Average Code
total = 0;
count = 0;
printf(“Please enter first number: “);
scanf(“%d”,&number);
while (number != -999) {
total += number;
count++;
printf(“Please enter next number: “);
scanf(“%d”,&number);
}
printf(“Average is %.3f\n”,(float) total
/ count);
 Using a Sentinel
• The value -999 is sometimes referred to as a
sentinel value
• The value serves as the “guardian” for the
termination of the loop
• Often a good idea to make the sentinel a
constant:
#define STOPNUMBER -999
while (number != STOPNUMBER) ...
 Compound Conditions
• Often the termination condition is compound:
ans = ‘N’;
while (!((ans == ‘Y’) || (ans == ‘y’))) {
printf(“Enter id# and salary: “);
scanf(“%d %f”,&id,&salary);
printf(“You entered id#%1d and salary
$%.2f, Is this correct? (Y/N)
“,id,salary);
scanf(“ %c”,&ans);
}
 Making Sure Loop is Entered
• Note in previous loop, we had to set
variable ans to an initial value, ‘N’
• This is because a while loop tests its
condition before entering the loop, and if
the condition is already false, the loop never
executes
• Sometimes it is useful to have a loop that
always executes at least once
 Posttest Loop: Do-While
Syntax:
do {
statement(s) statement(s)

} while (condition); true

Corresponds to:
statement
condition
if (!condition) DONE
statement false
if (!condition) DONE
...
 Using the Do-While
do {
printf(“Enter id# and salary: “);
scanf(“%d %f”,&id,&salary);
printf(“You entered id#%1d and salary
$%.2f, Is this correct? (Y/N) “
,id,salary);
scanf(“ %c”,&ans);
} while (!((ans == ‘Y’) || (ans == ‘y’)));

• Loop always executes at least once

 Programs with Menus
A)dd part to catalog
R)emove part from catalog
F)ind part in catalog
Q)uit
Select option: A
<interaction to add a part>
A)dd part to catalog
R)emove part from catalog
F)ind part in catalog
Q)uit
Select option: <next option>
 Menu Loop
do {
showOptions(); ShowOptions

printf(“Select
ReadOption
option:“); true

scanf(“ %c”,&optn); ExecuteOption

execOption(optn);
while (!( NOT quit
selected
(optn == ‘Q’) ||
(optn == ‘q’))); false
 Menu Options
void showOptions() {
printf(“A)dd part to catalog\n”);
printf(“R)emove part from
catalog\n”);
printf(“F)ind part in catalog\n”);
printf(“Q)uit\n”);
}
 Executing Options
void execOption( char option ) {
switch (option) {
case ‘A’: case ‘a’: addPart(); break;
case ‘R’: case ‘r’: delPart(); break;
case ‘F’: case ‘f’: fndPart(); break;
case ‘Q’: case ‘q’: break;
default: printf(“Unknown option
%c\n”,option); break;
}
}
 While vs Do-While
• Differences
– where condition tested:
• while (first) - may execute 0 times
• do-while (last) - must execute at least one time
• Similarities
– one statement executed
– initialization before loop
– update during loop
 Pretest Loop: For
• Initialization included in loop header
• Update included in loop header
• Header also includes update
• Syntax:
for ( init ; condition ; update )
statement;
• Generally for loops expected to execute
fixed number of times (counter-controlled)
 For Loop
• Syntax: Init

for ( init ;
condition ; Condition
update )
statement; true

• Init: assignments to Statement false

counter variables
• Update: changes to Update

counter variables
 For Example
• Printing vertical line counter = 0;
of stars:
for (counter = 0;
counter < 5
counter < 5;
counter++)
true
printf(“*\n”);
printf("*\n"); false

counter++;
 For Example - Sum of 1 to N
printf(“Number to sum to: “);
scanf(“%d”,&N);
total = 0;
for (I = 1; I <= N; I++)
total += I;
/* total is now 1 + 2 + … + N */
 For Example - Max of N Scores
printf(“Number of students: “);
scanf(“%d”,&NumStudents);
for (I = 0; I < NumStudents; I++) {
printf(“Enter student score %d: “);
scanf(“%d”,&score);
if (score > max)
max = score;
}
/* max is highest score entered */
 The Comma Form
• Possible to evaluate more than one
expression (assignment) in initialization or
update by separating each by commas
• Syntax: expression , expression , …
printf(“Number to sum to: “);
scanf(“%d”,&N);
for (total = 0, I = 1;
I <= N;
total += I, I++);
/* total is now 1 + 2 + … + N */
 Directions of Counting
for (I = 10; I >= 1; I--)
printf(“%d…\n”,I);
printf(“0 BLASTOFF!\n”);

printf(“Enter start, end, inc values: “);

scanf(“%d%d%d”,&lstart,&lend,&linc);
for (I = lstart;
((linc < 0) && (I < lend)) ||
((linc > 0) && (I > lend));
I += linc)
printf(“%d\n”,I);
 Nesting Loops
• It is often useful to have a loop within a
loop (called nested loops)
• For example:
printf(“Max N! to print: “);
scanf(“%d”,&N); /* 1 */
for (I = 1; I <= N; I++) { /* 2 */
fact = 1; /* 3 */
for (J = 2; J <= I; J++) /* 4 */
fact *= J; /* 5 */
printf(“%d! = %d\n”,I,fact); /* 6 */
}
 Tracing Nested Loops
Stmt N I J fact output Stmt N I J fact output
1 4 4 3
2 1 5 6
3 1 4 4
4 2 6 3! = 6
6 1! = 1 2 4
2 2 3 1
3 1 4 2
4 2 5 2
5 2 4 3
4 3 5 6
6 2! = 2 4 4
2 3 5 24
3 1 4 5
4 2 6 4! = 24
5 2 2 5
 More Efficient Implementation
printf(“Max N! to print: “);
scanf(“%d”,&N);
fact = 1;
for (I = 1; I <= N; I++) {
fact *= I;
printf(“%d! = %d\n”,I,fact);
}

• But why does this work?

 Another Nesting Example
• How to print: for (I = 6; I >= 1; I--) {
for (J = 1; J <= I; J++)
****** printf(“*”);
***** printf(“\n”);
**** }
***
** • Could have 6 be a variable
*
 More Complex Nesting
• How to print:for (I = 0; I <= 5; I++) {
for (J = 0; J < I; J++)
*********** printf(“ “);
********* for (J = 0;
******* J < (11 - 2 * I);
***** J++)
*** printf(“*”);
* printf(“\n”);
}
• Note 2 (sequential) inner loops
 Another Nesting Example
Size: 5 do {
***** printf(“Size: “);
**** scanf(“%d”,&Size);
*** if (Size > 0) {
**
for (I = Size; I >= 1; I--) {
*
for (J = 1; J <= I; J++)
printf(“*”);
Size: 3
*** printf(“\n”);
** }
* }
} while (Size > 0);
Size: 0
 Nesting and Functions
void drawTri (int N)
• With deep nesting its {
often a good idea to int I;
have inner loops in int J;

separate functions if (N > 0) {

do { for (I = N; I >= 1; I--)
printf(“Size: “); {
scanf(“%d”,&Size); for (J = 1; J <= I;
J++)
drawTri(Size);
printf(“*”);
} while (Size > 0); printf(“\n”);
}
}
}
 break statement
• The break statement can be used to halt a
loop, though it is generally better to use a
flag to signal loop should end
total = 0;
do {
scanf(“%d”,&num);
if (num < 0) break; /* Loop ends */
} while (num != 0);
 Flags
• Better to use a flag variable - a variable that
is set to a value when a condition occurs
total = 0;
done = 0; /* done is set to 0 state */
do {
scanf(“%d”,&num);
if (num < 0) done = 1; /* done 1 */
} while ((num != 0) && (!done));
 continue statement
• A continue statement says jump to the next
end of the statement list
• Example:
for (I = 0; I < 100; I++) {
if ((I % 2) == 1) continue;
printf(“%d is even”,I);
}
• Again, stylistically, better not to use
 Avoiding continue
• Can generally use an if to avoid a continue:
for (I = 0; I < 100; I++) {
if ((I % 2) == 1) continue;
printf(“%d is even”,I);
}
becomes
for (I = 0; I < 100; I++) {
if (!((I % 2) == 1))
printf(“%d is even”,I);
}