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CDMA Stands For: "Code Division Multiple Access"

CDMA is a multiple access technology that allows multiple users to share the same frequency channel by encoding user transmissions with pseudorandom codes. It was first developed for military use but was later commercialized. CDMA spreads user data across a wide frequency band using direct sequence spread spectrum or frequency hopping spread spectrum. It provides improved capacity, call quality, and coverage compared to other mobile technologies.

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34 views20 pages

CDMA Stands For: "Code Division Multiple Access"

CDMA is a multiple access technology that allows multiple users to share the same frequency channel by encoding user transmissions with pseudorandom codes. It was first developed for military use but was later commercialized. CDMA spreads user data across a wide frequency band using direct sequence spread spectrum or frequency hopping spread spectrum. It provides improved capacity, call quality, and coverage compared to other mobile technologies.

Uploaded by

Preety Purohit
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CDMA stands for “Code Division

Multiple Access”.
Introduction
• CDMA is a military technology first used during World War II by English
allies to foil German attempts at jamming transmissions. The allies decided
to transmit over several frequencies, instead of one, making it difficult for
the Germans to pick up the complete signal.

• Because Qualcomm created communications chips for CDMA technology,


it was privy to the classified information. Once the information became
public, Qualcomm claimed patents on the technology and became the first
to commercialize it.
CDMA
• In data communication, the idea of allowing several transmitters to send
information simultaneously over a single communication channel. This
allows several users to share a band of frequencies (see bandwidth).This
concept is called multiple access.

• CDMA is a “spread spectrum” technology, which means that it spreads the


information contained in a particular signal of interest over a much greater
bandwidth than the original signal.

• The core principle of spread spectrum is the use of noise-like carrierwaves,


and, as the name implies, bandwidths much wider than that required for
simple point-to-point communication at the same data rate.
Three Types of Spread Spectrum Communications
• There are three ways to spread the bandwidth of the
signal:
• Frequency hopping
• Time hopping
• Direct sequence.

• CDMA uses Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum system


and Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum .
• CDMA system works directly on 64 kbit/sec digital
signals.
Spread Spectrum Methods:

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS):

 Each bit from the data which need to be sent is represented by


multiple bits in the transmitted data, by using the spreading code.

 The originaldata is spread out across a wider frequency band by


using the spreading code.

 The spreading proportion depends on the number of bits used in the


code.
Tb

Original
0 1 0 1 1 Data

Pseudo-
0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 random
Bit

Transmitted
0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 Data

Tc
Time

Example of Direct Sequence SpreadSpectrum


Spread Spectrum Methods (Cont.):

Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum(FHSS):

 At the transmitter, the original signal is broadcasted over a series of


radio frequencies, hopping from different frequencies in a fixed
pattern.

 The receiver should use the same hopping pattern simultaneously


with the transmitter in order to receive the data correctly.

 The spreading code specifies the sequence of channels and the


receiver should use the same code to tune into the sequence of
channels that are used by the sender.
Energy Frequency

f8 2
f7 6
f6 4
f5 1
f4 7
f3 3
f2 8
f1 5
Frequency Time
f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6 f7 f8

(a) Channelassignment (b) Channeluse

Example of Frequency HopingSpread Spectrum


How it works?
• In CDMA, both data and voice are separated from
signals using codes and then transmitted using a
wide frequency range. Because of this, there are
more space left for data transfer.

• As a result, CDMA uses much wider signals than


those used in other technologies. Wideband signals
reduce interference and allow one cell frequency
reuse. There is no time division, and all users use the
entire carrier, all of the time.
• CDMA does not assign a specific frequency to each user. Instead,every
channel uses the full available spectrum. Individual conversations are
encoded with a pseudo-random digital sequence.

• CDMA consistently provides better capacity for voice and data


communications than other commercial mobile technologies, allowing
more subscribers to connect at any given time
• CDMA changes the nature of the subscriber station from a analog deviceto
a digital device.

• CDMA receivers do not eliminate analog processing entirely, but they


separate communication channels by means of a modulation that is applied
and removed in the digital domain, not on the basis of frequency.
CDMA Modulation Steps:
1. Generate a local pseudo-random code with
a higher rate than the data to be
transmitted.
2. XORthe data which need to be transmitted
with the generated
code.
Introduction (Cont.): T
b

Data Signal

Pseudo-random
Code

Transmitted
Signal

Tc
Time
Benefits ofCDMA
• CDMA CAPACITYINCREASES
• IMPROVED CALL QUALITY
• SIMPLIFIED SYSTEM PLANNING
• ENHANCED PRIVACY
• IMPROVED COVERAGE
• INCREASED PORTABLE TALKTIME
• BANDWIDTH ON DEMAND
Uses
• Excellent call quality and low current draw.
• Less costly to implement
• Provides three to five times the calling capacity than GSM and TDMA
• It provides more than 10 times the capacity of the analog cell phone system
(AMPS).
• Used by the military for secure phone calls.
• Difficult to jam and detect
Functions GSM CDMA
Frequency 900MHz,1800MHz,1900 800MHz,1900MHz
MHz
SIM card Yes No
Techniques used FDMA and TDMA Spread Spectrum

Compatibility Better than cdma Can’t be used


overseas..So, not good as
gsm.
Flexibility to variety of Yes No
phones
System Capacity Fixed and limited Flexible and higher than
gsm
Economics Expensive Lower than gsm
Conclusion:
• In GSM you use a wider variety of phones with your service, it also allowsyou
to take any GSM hardware and make it "your phone" instantly, including the
ability to carry your contacts right on the SIM card.

• CDMA consistently provides better capacity for voice and datacommunications


than other commercial mobile technologies, allowing more subscribers to
connect at any given time.GSM and CDMA are both frontiertechnologies
having some advantages and disadvantages. It depends upon the subscriber’s
choice which technology best suits their needs.

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