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Lecture-5 Thermodynamics-II (ME-221) : Diesel Cycle: Compression Ignition Engines

The Diesel cycle is the ideal cycle for compression ignition (CI) engines, commonly known as diesel engines. In diesel engines, only air is compressed, unlike gasoline engines where a fuel-air mixture is compressed. This allows diesel engines to operate at much higher compression ratios than gasoline engines. The combustion process in diesel engines occurs over a longer period of time and can be approximated as constant pressure heat addition, unlike the Otto cycle which uses constant volume combustion. As a result, diesel engines are typically more efficient than gasoline engines.

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76 views

Lecture-5 Thermodynamics-II (ME-221) : Diesel Cycle: Compression Ignition Engines

The Diesel cycle is the ideal cycle for compression ignition (CI) engines, commonly known as diesel engines. In diesel engines, only air is compressed, unlike gasoline engines where a fuel-air mixture is compressed. This allows diesel engines to operate at much higher compression ratios than gasoline engines. The combustion process in diesel engines occurs over a longer period of time and can be approximated as constant pressure heat addition, unlike the Otto cycle which uses constant volume combustion. As a result, diesel engines are typically more efficient than gasoline engines.

Uploaded by

mujtabahassan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture-5

Thermodynamics-II (ME-221)
Diesel Cycle: Compression Ignition Engines
Diesel Cycle
• The Diesel cycle is the ideal cycle for CI reciprocating engines.
• The CI engine, first proposed by Rudolph Diesel in the 1890s, is very similar to the
SI engine discussed previously, differing mainly in the method of initiating
combustion.
• In spark-ignition engines (also known as gasoline engines), the air–fuel mixture is
compressed to a temperature that is below the autoignition temperature of the
fuel, and the combustion process is initiated by firing a spark plug.
• In CI engines (also known as diesel engines), the air is compressed to a
temperature that is above the autoignition temperature of the fuel, and
combustion starts on contact as the fuel is injected into this hot air.
• Therefore, the spark plug and carburetor are replaced by a fuel injector in diesel
engines as shown in Fig:
• In gasoline engines, a mixture of air and fuel is compressed during the
compression stroke.
• In diesel engines, only air is compressed during the compression stroke,
eliminating the possibility of autoignition.
• Therefore, diesel engines can be designed to operate at much higher
compression ratios, typically between 12 and 24.
• Not having to deal with the problem of autoignition has another benefit, and
fuels that are less refined (thus less expensive) can be used in diesel engines.
• The fuel injection process in diesel engines starts when the piston approaches
TDC and continues during the first part of the power stroke.
• Therefore, the combustion process in these engines takes place over a longer
interval. Because of this longer duration, the combustion process in the ideal
Diesel cycle is approximated as a constant-pressure heat-addition process.
• In fact, this is the only process where the Otto and the Diesel cycles differ. The
remaining three processes are the same for both ideal cycles. That is, process
• 1-2 is isentropic compression,
• 3-4 is isentropic expansion, and
• 4-1 is constant-volume heat rejection.
• The similarity between the two cycles is also apparent from the P-v and T-s
diagrams of the Diesel cycle, shown in Fig.
• We now define a new quantity, the cutoff ratio rc, as the ratio of the cylinder
volumes after and before the combustion process:

• Utilizing this definition and the isentropic ideal-gas relations for processes 1-2
and 3-4, we see that the thermal efficiency relation reduces to

• where r is the compression ratio already defined. Looking at above Eq. carefully,
one would notice that under the cold-air-standard assumptions, the efficiency of
a Diesel cycle differs from the efficiency of an Otto cycle by the quantity in the
brackets.
• This quantity is always greater than 1. Therefore

when both cycles operate on the same compression ratio.


• The diesel engines also burn the fuel more completely since they usually operate
at lower revolutions per minute and the air–fuel mass ratio is much higher than
spark-ignition engines.
• Diesel engines operate at much higher compression ratios and thus are usually
more efficient than the spark-ignition (gasoline) engines.
• Probably a better (but slightly more complex) approach would be to model the
combustion process in both gasoline and diesel engines as a combination of two
heat-transfer processes, one at constant volume and the other at constant
pressure.
• The ideal cycle based on this concept is called the dual cycle, and a P-v diagram
for it is given in Fig.

• Note that both the Otto and the Diesel cycles can be obtained as special cases of
the dual cycle.

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