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Faculty Development Programme On Transducer Engineering

This document discusses different types of errors that can occur when measuring instruments are used. It describes gross errors, systematic errors, and random errors. Gross errors are mainly caused by misreading instruments. Systematic errors include instrumental errors from inherent flaws or misuse of instruments, observational errors like parallax, and environmental errors from temperature, dust, humidity, vibration, or fields. Random errors occur accidentally from environmental factors. The document recommends ways to eliminate each type of error, such as taking multiple readings, recalibrating instruments, and maintaining constant temperature. It also introduces statistical analysis methods like calculating the mean, standard deviation, and variance to analyze random errors in a data set.

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35 views

Faculty Development Programme On Transducer Engineering

This document discusses different types of errors that can occur when measuring instruments are used. It describes gross errors, systematic errors, and random errors. Gross errors are mainly caused by misreading instruments. Systematic errors include instrumental errors from inherent flaws or misuse of instruments, observational errors like parallax, and environmental errors from temperature, dust, humidity, vibration, or fields. Random errors occur accidentally from environmental factors. The document recommends ways to eliminate each type of error, such as taking multiple readings, recalibrating instruments, and maintaining constant temperature. It also introduces statistical analysis methods like calculating the mean, standard deviation, and variance to analyze random errors in a data set.

Uploaded by

rameshsme
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Faculty Development Programme

on
Transducer Engineering.
Tutorials on
ERROR ANALYSIS
Presented by,
A.Jerome.
Errors
 Deviation from the original value or true
value.
Why we want to measure errors?
• Concerned with the Accuracy & Precision
of Instruments.
• Proportion to the cost.
Guarantee errors
 The deviations which are specified by the
manufacturers.
 Also known as Limiting Errors.
Example:
Value of resistance = 100Ω
Limiting error = ± 10 Ω
Answer:
Allowed resistance value : 90 Ω or 110Ω
Relative Limiting Error
 Ratio of the error to the specified
magnitude of the quantity.

Actual Value – Nominal Value


Nominal Value
Types of Error

Errors

Gross Systematic Random


Error Error Error

Instrumental Instrumental Environmental


Error Error Error
Gross Error
 Mainly caused by misreading & recording
of instruments.
 Examples:
• 52.5 mm is read as 5.25mm
• 52.5mm is read as 5.25m
Ways to Eliminate Gross Error
 Great Care should be taken.
 Two are more readings shall be taken
Systematic Error
Its of three types:
Instrumental error.
– Inherent short coming of
Instruments.
- Misuse of Instruments.
- Loading effect.
Observational error.-
• Parallax error.
Environmental error.
• Due to temperature,
dust,Humidity, Vibration,
Magnetic & Electrostatic field
Ways to Eliminate Systematic
Error
 The Procedure is carefully carried out.
 Instruments may be recalibrated.
 The Surrounding temperature is kept
constant while measuring.
 Proper Shielding should be provided for
magnetic & Other Electrostatic field.
 Proper sealing is to be done to prevent
from dust & Humidity.
Random Errors
 The errors which are caused accidentally
(unaware of the errors) are grouped as
Random errors.
Statistical Treatment of Data
 Multisample test – different test conditions
with different instruments.
 Single Sample test – single measurement &
condition in intervals.
Histogram

No
Of
readings

Measurement made
Statistical Analysis of Errors

Mean
Standard Deviation
Variance
Mean
X =Σx/n
Where

X = mean
n = Numbers of observations.
Standard deviation
Average Deviation – Precision
High precision- Low Average deviation
σ = Σ d2 / n
Where
σ = Standard deviation
d = deviation
n = Number of samples.
Variance
Variance = ( Standard deviation )2
THANK YOU

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